The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue Functions of Bone and The Skeletal System Structure of the Bone Histology of Bone Tissue Compact Bone Tissue Spongy Bone Tissue VOCAB: Diaphysis:Shaft of bone; long cylindrical main portion Epiphyses: Distal and proximal ends of bone Metaphyses: Regions in mature bone where the diaphysis join the epiphyses. Each meta. Includes an Epiphyseal Plate: Layer of hyaline cartilage that allows diaphylsis of bone in great length Epiphyseal Line: The boney result of the cartilage in the epip. plate being replaced by bone, caused by the stop of growth of the bone Articular Cartalidge Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epip. where the bone forms a joint with another bone Periosteum: Tough sheath of dense irregular CT that surrounds the done surface, enable bones to grow in thickness, not length. Aids in healing of bone Medullary Caivity: space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults Endosteum: Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. Contain single layer of bone forming cells and a small amount of CT Bone/Osseous Tissue: CT, contains abundant EC-M Hydroxyapatite: Calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide Califacation: epiphyseal plate
Process of minerals combining to form other minerals
Saturday, October 20, 2007
Physiology -Chap 6- Outline
Art History -Chap 5 - Images
VENUS DE MILO C. 150 BC, Melos Marble, height 6'10". The missing arms have caused much debate. Some say that Aphrodite was once holding an apple, but others claim that the pieces found with the statue were added later. Old Woman 2nd Century BC Marble, height 49 1/2". Despite the woman's haggard appearance the dress seems to be made of a fine fabric. Her hair resembles a once careful arrangement. Her exposed breasts, sagging jaw line, and unfocused stare cause some people to believe that she represents aging. Veiled and Masked Dancer Late 2rd of 2nd Century BC Bronze, height 8 1/8". Represents an artful professional dancer. The appeal to emotions in the sculpture signals a social change between the Classical and Hellenistic periods Charioteer Frm. Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi. C.477 Bronze. Height 5'11''. Commemorates a victory driver in the Pythian Games of 478 or 474. Expression enhanced with glittering, colored-glass eyes and silver lashes. Features suggest a young youthful appearance Kritian Boy Frm. Acropolis, Athens. C. 480 BC Marble, height 46". Early free-standing marble figures to exhibit more life-like qualities. Body weight rests on left leg. The slight turn of the head invites the spectator to follow his gaze. Transition between the Archaic kouroi and the ideal figures. Model of the Acropolis, Athens C.400 BC Marble temple dedicated to Athena. Included a bronze stature of Athena the Defender. The statue depicted Athena wielding a spear. Included a winged stoa dedicated to Artemis and the Parthenon for Athena. Kalikrates and Ilktinos: Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens C. 447-438 BC Perfectly proportion in the ratio of 4:9 in breath to length and in the relationship of column diameter. Simple post-and-lintel structure. Mnesikles. Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens. C.430w-405 BC Asymmetrical plan and several levels reflect the multiple functions in housing many different shrines. The mythical contest between Poseidon and Athena was said to have taken place here (they were fighting over their favorite city (Athens)) Porch of the Maidens (Caryatid Porch), Erechtheion Acropolis, Athens. 421-405 BC The six caryatids with simple Doric capitals support an Ionic entablature made of bands of carved molding. The fall of the drapery illustrates the columnar look. This balanced with the bent knee shoe strength, but also effortless grace. Polykleitos. Spear Bearer (Doryphoros) Roman copy of original bronze of C.450-440 BC. Marble. Height 6'6". The original didn't survive, but it was spoken of in many literary works. Later copied by Romans. The weight of the upper body is focused on the straight leg. The tilt in the hipline is more pronounced to accommodate the raising foot Nike (Victory) Adjusting her Sandal Temple of Athena, Acropolis, Athena C.5 BC Marble, height 42". Nike is placed in a bit of an awkward position, leaning forward, her dress slipping off her shoulder. Her large wings balance her unstable pose. The light fabric differs from the heavy fabric covering the Parthenon goddesses. The light fabric seeming to cling to her skin like wet silk. A most discreetly erotic image Discus Thrower -Myron Classical period, marble Roman copy of Greek Bronze original, C. 450 BC Height: 5'11", Demonstrates s-curve. Centaur Lefkand, Euboea, 10th century BC Terra-cotta, 14 1/8", Proto-geometric: Use of geometric forms in painted decorations and the reduction of human and animal body to simple geometric solids. Unusual because of size. Bold, abstract designs w/ slip. Funerary Vases Diplon cemertry, Athens, C. 750 BC Terra-cotta, height 42 5/8". Triangular torsos and head. Use for cremation. Male and female figures stand by the body, mostly mourners. Man and Centaur Geometric period, Olympia. C. 750 Bronze. Height 4 5/16". Simple geometric shapes, negative spaces (open). Found in sanctuaries, possible votive figures Pitcher (Olpe) Archaic period, Corinth, C. 600 BC Ceramic with black-figure decoration. Height 11 1/2". Rosettes (stylized flower figures). Lions and serpent and the composite creatures against a background of very pale buff, the natural color of the Corinthian clay Temple of Hera the 1st Archaic period, Paestum, Italy. C. 550 BC Earliest standing temple in Paestum. Utilizes peristyle (row of columns that surround the cella on all four sides), cornice (the slightly projecting top most element of the entablature, and the pediment Corner View of the temple of Hera Archaic period, Paestum, Italy. Doric order. Columns fluted shafts resting with out bases on the stylobate. Entasis: Refinement, gives sense of energy and upward lift. Adyton: Small room at the end of the cella proper Gorgon Medusa Archaic period, Limestone, height: 9'2". Protective, On the left is Pegasus, on the right is Chrysoar. Sculpture in the round Recon. Of the Treasury of the Siphnians Archaic period, Sanctuary of Apoloa at Delphi, C. 530-525 BC Marble, pronaos with two caryatids columns carved in the form of the draped women, reinforced by square pillars, (antae). Temple plan: in antis (between pillars) Recon. Drawing of the eat pediment of the temple of Aphaia Archaic period, 480 BC Length: 6". Triangular pediment. Warriors have fallen, crouched and rising towards Athena under the peak of the roof Dying Warrior Archaic period, temple of Athaia, Aegina, C. 480 BC Marble, tragic but noble figure struggling to rise while dying. Originally painted and fitted with authentic bronze accessories, captures the soldiers moment of pain and agony and vulnerability, the body conveys the softness of human flesh, contrasted with the hard metallic geometry of the armor and helmet New York Kouros Archaic peios, Attica, C, 580 BC Marble, height: 6'4". Shows canon of proportions similar to Egyptian art, contrapposto. Shows notable athletic ability, eyes are wide and large, and the mouth forms the closed-lip smile know as the Archaic smile. 5-20 Peplos Kore, Acropolis, Athens , c.530 BCE, Marble. The statue is named for the garment peplos which is a draped rectangle of cloth, usually wool, folded on top and pinned at the shoulders and belted at the waist. Motionless and a vertical pose, but has a more rounded feminine figure. The hair is stylized and has the archaic smile. The statue once wore a metal crown and earrings. The kore also has traces of encaustic painting with was a mixture of pigment and wax that left a shinny finish. It was found in the debris from the Acropolis of Athens with other votive figures. 5-24 Ergotimos (potter) and Kleitias (painter) François Vase c. 570 B.C.E. Black figure decoration on a volute krater. Ceramic, 26". Has scroll shaped handles, they were used for mixing wine and water. It is one of the earliest known vases to be signed by both the potter and the painter. The Vase has about 200 human and animal figures, 3 bands down is the main scene, the marriage of Peleus and Thetis who had Achilles. 5-22 Calf bearer (moschophoros) from Acropolis in Athens , c. 560 BCE, Marble 5'5" tall. IT was found in the Acropolis rubble in the sanctuary of Athena. He is holding the calf around his head by the feet. It might represent a priest carrying a calf for a sacrifice to a God. Has the Archaic smile, wide open eyes and tufted hairdo. He appears to be wearing a gauze-thin robe and the usual beard for that time period. 5-26 Exekais. The suicide of Ajax , c.540 BCE. Black-figure decoration on an amphora vase. Ceramic. 27" Exekais was both the potter and the painter, he usually focused on Greek history. The scene is from the Trojan war. Ajax was second to Achilles, when his armor was given to Odysseus he killed himself. Other painters would show him already dead but Exekais showed him preparing for suicide. He sets his armor aside and prepares a mound to fall upon. 5-27 "A.D" Painter. Women at fountain House 520-510 BCE. Black-figure decoration on a hydras(or water jug) 20 7/8''. The artist signed A.D. shows everyday life in ancient Greece and the public buildings. The women are in a fountain house which is open and has Doric columns. The pots the women are filling are the same shape as the one its painted on. The women are white as in other cultures and that is common in Greek painting. 5-32 Athena, Herakles, and Atlas. Metope relief form the frieze of the temple of Zeus , Olympia . c.460 BCE. Marble 5'3" tall. In the scene Herakles is holding up the sky and Atlas is holding out an apple. Atlas can't see that Athena is behind Herakles. It is in high relief and more realistic. It is from myth where Herakles has to do almost impossible tasks, one of them is to get an apple from an orchard that only gods can go in. Atlas tells Herakles that he will get the apple if he holds up the sky. 5-60 Praxiteces or his followers, Hermes and the infant Dionysus, maybe a Hellenistic or Roman copy of the 4th century B.C.E. original, marble with traces or red paint on lips and Hair. Seven feet, nine inches tall. This piece shows the difference between Praxiteles style and the late 5th century. Has a small head and a youthful body, the body is off balance and creates a s-curve with the hips. Its in high ulitu and detail, especially on hair and drapery. 5-67 Alexander the Great Confronts Darius III at the battle of Issos, Pompeii , Roman mosaic copy of the Greek one. 310 BCE maybe by Philoxeros or Helen of Egypt. The Romans copied the Greek paintings, these copies show 5th century BC Greek paintings. These are very close copies, they made these solid figures through modeling they would make the solid figures through modeling the fragment in a way where the mimic the play of light on a 3-D surface. The mosaic depicts a dramatic event, where Alexander challenges the Persian leader. 5-74 Gallic Cheiftain killing his wife and himself, Roman copy after the original bronze of 220 BCE. Marble, 6'11" tall. In the Pergamene style from Asia minor , has a new sculpting style, Hellenistic period, were mounted on a pedestal. Shown as barbarian with the messy hair and twisted body position. Support his wife as she is dying, they were made to arouse a specific emotional response in the viewer, called expressionism. 5-77 Reconstructed west front of the alter from Pergamon. C. 166-156 BCE, marble. Made a decorative frieze at the base. Has an Ionic colonnade and a large staircase (68 feet wide and 30 feet deep) frieze depicts battle between Gods and Giants, used as metaphor of Pergamons victory over Gauls. The frieze comes out of wall onto steps and invades the viewer's space. A difference b/w the Classical period is the balance of opposites and the 3-D space on a diagonal line. 5-79 Hagesandros, Polydoros and Athandiros of Rhodes . Lacöon and his sons. Original 1st century CE of Roman copy, Marble 8' tall. Statue of the Trojan War. The priest told the Trojans not to bring the wooden horse inside the walls; the gods sided with the Greeks and sent serpents from the sea so kill Lacöon and his sons. The pose shows the connection b/w Rhodian and Pergamene sculptures. This statue was meant to be seen from the front so it appears to be in high relief other than in the round. 5-80 Nike (victory of Samothrace) Sanctuary of the Great Gods, Samothrace c. 190 BCE, Marble 8' tall. Has a large open movement of the figure, has a contrast of light and dark, in the deeply sculpted forms. The feathers, fabric and skin show the finer Hellenistic art. It's the Greek goddess who comes in after a fight and decides who the winner is.
Econ -Unit 3- Chap 12 Notes
Aggregate Demand Aggregate Demand Curve Really-Balances Effect; Inetest-Rtae effect Foreign Purchase Effect Determinants of Aggregate Demand A change in price level will change amount of aggregate spending and therefore change real GDP of economy Consumer Spending Consumer Wealth: Consumer Expectation Taxes Investment Spending Real Interest Rates Expected Return Government Spending New Export Spending National Income Abroad Aggregate Supply Aggregate Supply in the Long Run Aggregate Supply in the Short Run
Friday, October 19, 2007
Physiology -Chap 4- Outline.2
Chapter 4 (Pgs. 111-118)
Covering and Lining Epithelium
The types and covering and lining epithelial tissue are classified according to two characteristics: the arrangement of cells into layers and the shapes of the cells
Arrangement of Cells in Layers
Cells are arranged in one or more layers depending on the functions the epithelium performs
~Simple Epithelium: a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption
- 4 Types:
A.) Simple squamous epithelium
-Consists of a single layer of flat cells (resembles a tile floor)
-Nucleus: a flattened oval sphere
-Not found in body areas that are subject to mechanical stress (wear and tear)
-Lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels (a.k.a. endothelium)
-Forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes (a.k.a. mesothelium)
--Both endothelium and mesothelium are derived from mesoderm
B.) Simple cuboidal epithelium
-Cell nuclei are usually round and centrally located
-Found in the thyroid gland and kidneys
-Performs secretion and absorption
C.) Simple columnar epithelium (non-ciliated and ciliated)
*Oval nuclei near the base
~Non-ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium~
-Microvilli: fingerlike cytoplasm projections
--increase the surface area of the plasma membrane
--increase the cells rate of absorption
-Goblet Cells: modified columnar epithelial cells
--secrete mucus at their apical surfaces (gives it that goblet look)
--mucus- lubricant for the linings of the digestive, respiratory, & reproductive tracts, and most of the urinary tracts
--mucus- forms a film over the airway surface that traps inhaled foreign particles
~Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium~
-Contains cilia at the apical surface
--Cilia beat in unison; move the mucus and any foreign particles toward the throat, to be coughed up and swallowed or spit out
--Coughing/ sneezing speeds up the movement of cilia/mucus
--Help move oocytes expelled from the ovaries through the fallopian tubes into the uterus
-Goblet cells are interspersed among ciliated columnar epithelia in certain parts of the airways of the upper respiratory tract
D.) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (non-ciliated and ciliated)
*Appears to have several layers because the nuclei of the cells are at various depths
*All cells are attached to the basement membrane; not all reach the apical surface
~Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium~
-Cells that extend to the surface either secrete mucus or bear cilia
--Secreted mucus traps foreign particles
--Cilia sweep away mucus for eventual elimination
~Pseudostratified Non-Ciliated Columnar Epithelium~
-Contains cells without cilia and lacks goblet cells
*Secretion: the production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes
*Absorption: the intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract
~Pseudostratified Epithelium: appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface
-It’s cells rest on the basement membrane (therefore it’s a simple epithelium)
-Cells that extend to the apical surface may contain cilia
-Goblet cells secrete mucus
~Stratified Epithelium: consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear
*Has 2 or more layers of cells
*More durable; can better protect underlying tissues
*Some cells produce secretions
4 Types
A.) Stratified squamos epithelium (keratinized and non-keratinized)
*Apical layer cells are flat
*Deep layer cells vary from cuboidal to columnar
*The basal (deepest) cells continually undergo cell division
*As new cells grow, the cells of the basal layer are pushed upward toward the apical layer
*As they move farther from the deeper layers (and from their blood supply) in the underlying connective tissue, they become dehydrated, shrunken, harder, and then die
*Dead cells lose their cell junctions, are sloughed off, then replaced
~Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium~
-Apical layer and several layers deep to it are partially dehydrated and contain a layer of keratin
--Fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals
-Forms the superficial layer of the skin
~Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium~
-Found in the lining of the mouth and esophagus
-Does not contain keratin in the apical layer
-Remains moist
*Both types form a first line of defense against microbes
B.) Stratified cubical epithelium
-Cells in the apical layer are cuboidal-- fairly rare
-Mainly serves a protective function; also has a limited role in secretion and absorption
C.) Stratified columnar epithelium
-Usually the basal layers consist of shortened, irregularly shaped cells; only the apical layer has cells that are columnar in shape--uncommon
-Functions in protection and secretion
D.) Transitional epithelium
-Present only in the urinary system; has a variable appearance
-In its relaxed or unstretched state, transitional epithelium looks like stratified cubical epithelium, except that the cells in the apical layer tend to be large and rounded
-As the tissue is stretched, its cells become flatter, giving the appearance of stratified squamous epithelium
-Elastic
-Lines the urinary bladder; it allows it to stretch and hold a variable amount of fluid without rupturing
Cell Shapes
Squamous cells: are arranged like floor tiles and are thin, which allows for the rapid passage of substances
Cuboidal cells: are as tall as they are wide and are shape d like cubes or hexagons
~May have microvillus at their apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption
Columnar cells: are much taller than they are wide, like columns, and protect underlying tissues
~Apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli
~Often specialized for secretion and absorption
Transitional Cells: change shape, from flat to cubical, as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch (distend) to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size
Papanicolaou Test
Papanicolaou Test (a.k.a. Pap test, or Pap smear): involves collection and microscopic examination of epithelial cells that have been scraped off the apical layer of a tissue
A very common type of Pap test involves examining the cells from the non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina and cervix of the uterus
~Performed to detect early changes in the cells of the female reproductive system that may indicate cancer or a precancerous condition
Physiology -Chap 4- Outline.1
Chapter 4 (Pgs. 108-111)
Types of Tissues and their Origins
- Epithelial tissue:
~Epithelial tissues develop from all three primary germ layers~The first tissues formed in the human embryo are called:-ectoderm--nervous tissue develops from ectoderm-endoderm-mesoderm--all connective tissue and most muscle tissues derive from mesoderm
- Normally, most cells within a tissue remain anchored to other cells or structures
Cell Junctions
- Cell Junctions: contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
~5 types
-tight junctions-adherens junctions-desmosomes-hemidesmosomes-gap junctions
Tight Junctions
- Tight Junctions:
~Ex: Cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladders
Adherens Junctions
- Adherens Junctions:
Desmosomes
- Desmosomes:
Hemidesmosomes
- Hemisesmosomes:
~On the inside of the plasma membrane, the integrins attach to intermediate filaments made of the protein keratin~On the outside of the plasma membrane, the integrins attach to the protein laminin
- Hemidesmosomes anchor cells not to each other, but to the basement membrane
Gap Junctions
- Gap Junctions:
Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial Tissue (a.k.a. Epithelium): consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers
~Little intercellular space between adjacent plasma membranes
- Apical (free) Surface:
~Basal lamina: is close to and secreted by the epithelial cells
- The basement membrane functions as a point of attachment and support for the overlying epithelial tissue
Basement Membranes and Disease
- Become markedly thickened, due to increased production of callagen and laminin
- Epithelial tissue is avascular (lacks its own blood supply)
- Exchange of substances between epithelium and connective tissue occurs by diffusion
- Epithelial tissue constantly has to renew and repair itself by sloughing off dead or injured cells
- Epithelial tissue performs the roles of: protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion
- Epithelial tissue combines with nervous tissue to form special organs for smell, hearing, vision, and touch
- 2 types of epithelial tissue:
~Covering and lining epithelium: forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs~Glandular epithelium: makes up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and sweat glands
Sunday, October 14, 2007
Physiology -Chap 4- Outline2
Chapter 4 (Pgs. 108-111)
Types of Tissues and their Origins
- Epithelial tissue:
~Epithelial tissues develop from all three primary germ layers~The first tissues formed in the human embryo are called:-ectoderm--nervous tissue develops from ectoderm-endoderm-mesoderm--all connective tissue and most muscle tissues derive from mesoderm
- Normally, most cells within a tissue remain anchored to other cells or structures
Cell Junctions
- Cell Junctions: contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
~5 types
-tight junctions-adherens junctions-desmosomes-hemidesmosomes-gap junctions
Tight Junctions
- Tight Junctions: consist of web-like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together
~Ex: Cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladders
Adherens Junctions
- Adherens Junctions:
Desmosomes
- Desmosomes: contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) that extend into the intracellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another
- Unlike adherens junctions, the plaque of desmosomes does not attach to microfilaments; it attaches to the intermediate filaments that consist of the protein keratin
- Desmosomes prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction
Hemidesmosomes
- Hemisesmosomes: resemble desmosomes but they do not link adjacent cells
- The transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes are integrins rather than cadherins
~On the inside of the plasma membrane, the integrins attach to intermediate filaments made of the protein keratin~On the outside of the plasma membrane, the integrins attach to the protein laminin
- Hemidesmosomes anchor cells not to each other, but to the basement membrane
Gap Junctions
- Gap Junctions:
Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial Tissue (a.k.a. Epithelium): consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers
~Little intercellular space between adjacent plasma membranes
- Apical (free) Surface:
~Basal lamina: is close to and secreted by the epithelial cells
- The basement membrane functions as a point of attachment and support for the overlying epithelial tissue
Basement Membranes and Disease
- Become markedly thickened, due to increased production of callagen and laminin
- Epithelial tissue is avascular (lacks its own blood supply)
- Exchange of substances between epithelium and connective tissue occurs by diffusion
- Epithelial tissue constantly has to renew and repair itself by sloughing off dead or injured cells
- Epithelial tissue performs the roles of: protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion
- Epithelial tissue combines with nervous tissue to form special organs for smell, hearing, vision, and touch
- 2 types of epithelial tissue:
~Covering and lining epithelium: forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs~Glandular epithelium: makes up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and sweat glands
Art History -Greece Study Guide-
Art of Ancient Greece
Historical Evidence
1. The first recorded Olympic games took place in 776 BC, although there is evidence showing that the games had going on several years before this.
2. Following the fall of Mycenaean dominance the Aegean region went through a period of disorganization during which prior cultural developments were lost (such as writing).
3. The meaning of 'polis' is a Greek city-state.
4. When Solon became a political leader of Athens he developed a judiciary and a constitutional government with a popular assembly and a council. This developed into a representative government in which every community had it's own assembly and magistrates. All citizens had equal rights to own private property, freedom of speech, to vote, and to hold public office.
5. Historical divisions include: Geometric, Oriental zing, Archaic, Classical (cut into Transitional, Fifth-Centaury Classical, and Fourth-Centaury Classical), and Hellenistic Period.
6. During the Oriental zing Period the Greeks not only took inspiration from the east, but also developed a whole new approach to vase panting. They created the black-figure pottery style.
7. Cultural achievements found during the Archaic period included many literary works such as Aesop's fables.
8.
9.
10. The Peloponnesian was a war that broke out between Greece and the Peloponnesian Empire being led by Sparta. The war is broken into three phases: 1. Archidamian War 2. Attack on Syracuse in Sicily 3. Decelean War
11. Alexander the Great extended his empire through Asia Minor, India, and northern parts of Africa .
12. The Hellenistic period differs from other periods in that fact during this time Greece as well as Asia Minor and India causing the spread and influence of different cultures.
Greek, Gods, and Goddesses
Goddess of love - Aphrodite
God of the sea, holding 3-pronged spear - Poseidon
Goddess of grain and agriculture - Demeter
Supreme god, holds scepter and lightening bolt - Zeus
God of wine, grape, harvest, inspiration - Cyanosis
Goddess of wisdom, war, virginity, victory - Athena
Goddess of fertility, queen of the underworld - Persephone
God of sun, light, truth, and music - Apollo
Young child or infant of god of love - Eros
Interpretation and Meaning
1. The Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi and its meaning to the Greeks:
Contains treasuries (One from every city), theater, and the Parthenon
The oracle of Delphi was located here
Apollo defeated the giant python in the legend
2. The ancient Olympic games differed from the ones today in the fact that the competitors were naked and only men could play and attend.
3.
4. There is speculation that since the metal statues form the geometric period were constantly being found in sanctuaries that they were votive statues dedicated to the gods.
5.The Archaic freestanding male and female figures have been found marking graves and lining the entrances to sanctuaries. Korai most likely represented deities, nymphs, or priestesses. Koroi represented gods, victorious athletes, or warriors. The young male was thought to represent fertility or family. The figures may have been symbolic ancestor figures.
6. The myth on Euphronior krater tells the story of the death Sarpedon at Troy. Sarpedon was the son of Zeus and the mortal Laodamia. He fought in the Trojan war were he met with Pericles who was disguised as Achilles. Zeus tried to keep fate from take his son, but was prevented by Hera who reminded him that the sons of many gods were fighting and were fated to die as well. Instead Zeus let out a downpour of blood-rain to show his sorrow for the impending death of his son. After Sarpedon went down there was a fight for the dead king. The Greeks were able to get his armor before Sleep and Death took away his body under the watchful eye of Hermes.
7. The pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia depicts a scene from a story about the wedding King Pirithous of the Lapith people. He invited the centaurs to the wedding along with his friend Theseus. The scene in the pediment captures the moment when the centaurs, drunk from wine, bring on a world of chaos to the wedding by carrying off the Lapith women, including the bride, herself. Apollo, the center of the piece, is there to help the Lapith people.
8. The architecture of the Parthenon are just simple post-and-lintel construction. At the time it was built Athens was the capital of a powerful city-state. Athens was a model of Greek cities and the Parthenon was the ideal Doric temple; isolated, with a rock as a base.
9. The Canon of Proportions of Polykleitos included a study of ratios between a basic unit and the length of various body parts. Some studies suggest that his basic unit may have been the length of the figure's index finger or the width of its hand. explored not only the proportions but also the relationship of weight bearing and relaxed arms and legs.
10. A characteristic of the Hellenistic period is elicit a specific emotion from the viewer, otherwise known as expressionism. This period the statues impose themselves forcefully, on the spectator. The art demanded that viewer empathize with the scene.
11. Mausoleum of Mausolos at Halikarnssos was a tomb built for Mausolos and Artemisia, his wife and sister.
Style
1. Basic elements of the Geometric style on ceramic decoration include the use of geometric forms in a painted decoration and the reduction of human and animal body parts in sculptural work to simple geometric solids such as cube, pyramids, cylinders, and spheres.
2. The style of the Kouros and Kore figures are similar to Egyptian figures in that they have tight closed fists, are very upright and stiff. The hair is stylized. Unlike Egyptian figures the Kore and Kouros are freestanding figures and are put into some stylized form of motion (kind of reminds me of Irish dancing).
3. Realism and naturalism are both defined as the attempt to depict observable things accurately and objectively. The difference between realism and naturalism is that realism is more often used to describe the reorientation of people and other living creatures in an accurate "warts and all" way. Naturalism refers to the true-to-life depiction of the natural world, including landscape and background elements.
4. New stylistic features found on the Kritios Boy (Kritian Boy) include the pose. The boy is in an easy pose compared to the positioning of the Kouroi rigidness. The boy has a solemn expression, but lacks the Archaic smile.
5. Roman copies of 4th century monumental paintings reflect an interest in illusionism through modeling, mimicking the play of light on three-dimensional surfaces by touching protrusions with highlights and shading undercut areas and areas in shadow.
6. The Pergamene style developed as form of expressionism that sought to capture certain emotions from the viewer.
7.
Materials and Techniques
1. a) Red-figure: This technique of vase painting resulted with red figure against a black background. In red-figure a dark slip was painted on as background around outline figures.
b)Black-figure: Artists painted designs in silhouette on the clay vessel. They then used a stylus to cut through the slip to the body of the vessel in incise linear detail.
c) White-ground: Created by painting the vessel with a highly refined clay slip that turned white during firing.
2. To restore and preserve the Riace Warrior they first removed all the exterior corrosion and lime encrustations using surgeons scalpels. The removed the clay core through holes already existing, they then cleaned the figures by soaking them in solvents and sealed them with fixa-tive designed for use on metals.
3. The work of goldsmiths followed the same trends and achieved the same standards as other art mediums. A specialty of the goldsmith was the design of earrings in the form of tiny works of sculpture. They were often place son the ears of statues of goddesses. Some earrings were hollow-cast using the lost-wax process to make it lighter.
Diagrams
TEMPLE PLANS (See paper)
Compare and Discuss
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Econ -Unit 3- Chap 3 Notes
SIMPLIFACATIONS CONSUMPTION AND INVESTMENT SCHEDULES
- Represents investment plans of businesses in the same way consumption schedule represents consumption plans of households
EQUILIBRIUM GDP: C + Ig = GDP
Possible Levels of Employment | Real Domestic Output | Consumption | Savings | Investment | Expenditures | Unplanned Changes in Inventories | Tendency of E,O & I |
40 | $370 | $375 | $-5 | $20 | $395 | $-25 | Increase |
45 | 390 | 390 | 0 | 20 | 410 | -20 | Increase |
50 | 410 | 405 | 5 | 20 | 425 | -15 | Increase |
55 | 430 | 420 | 10 | 20 | 440 | -10 | Increase |
60 | 450 | 435 | 15 | 20 | 455 | -5 | Increase |
65 | 470 | 450 | 20 | 20 | 470 | 0 | Equilibrium |
70 | 490 | 465 | 25 | 20 | 485 | 5 | Decrease |
75 | 510 | 480 | 30 | 20 | 500 | 10 | Decrease |
80 | 530 | 495 | 35 | 20 | 515 | 15 | Decrease |
85 | 550 | 510 | 40 | 20 | 530 | 20 | Decrease |
Tabular Analysis
- Columns 2-5 repeat consumption and saving schedules and the investment schedule
Real Domestic Output
- Column2= possible output levels
ECT.
- Equilibrium=good
- Total number of good produced=total number of good purchased
- C+Ig
Disequilibrium
- Total number of good produced=total number of good purchased
- Not where it should be
- Below=economy wants to spend at higher levels
- To fix: Businesses adjust by stepping up production; greater output increases employment and total income
- To fix: Businesses adjust by stepping up production; greater output increases employment and total income
- Above: Total outputs don't generate needed spending to clear shelves of goods; causing bussinesses to cut back production
- To fix: Businesses adjust by cutting back on rate of production
- Lower output=fewer jobs and decline in total income
Graphical Analysis
- 45˚
- Any point=value measured on X=value of what is being measured on Y (x=y)?
- Graphical statement of equilibrium condition
OTHER FEATURES OF EQILIBRIUM GDP
- Any point=value measured on X=value of what is being measured on Y (x=y)?
- 2 more characteristics of GDP:
- Saving and planned investments are equal
- No unplanned changes in inventories
Saving Equals Planned Investment
- Saving and planned investments are equal
- Saving=Leakage or withdrawal from spending
- Causes consumption to be less than total output or GDP
- Investment is an injection of spending into the income-expenditures stream
- If leakage of saving (LAS) exceeds the injection of investment then C+Ig will be less than GDP (cannot be sustained)
- If Injection of investment (IOI) exceeds leakage of saving then C+Ig will be greater than GDP (drives GDP up)
No Unplanned Changes In Inventories
- No unplanned changes in inventories at equilibrium
- Unplanned changes in inventories act as balancing item the equates the actual amounts saved and invested
CHNAGES IN EQUILIBRIUM GDP AND THE MULITPLIER
- Change in response to changes in either the investment schedule or the consumption schedule
- Expected rate of return on investment rises or the real interest rate falls=upward shift of investment schedule
- ^opposite=downward shift
ADDING INTERNATIONAL TRADE
- OPEN ECONOMY!
- X=exports
- M=imports
Net Exports and Aggregate Expenditures
- Exports=Domestic production, income, and employment for a nation
- Included in AE because increase production and creates jobs and income
- Open Economy= C+Ig+(X-M)
The Net Export Schedule
- Lists amount of net exports that will occur at each level of GDP
Net Exports and Equilibrium GDP
- In open economy next exports can be positive or negative
Positive Net Exports
- Net export schedule= Xn1
- C+Ig+Xn1
- Other things equal positive exports increase aggregate expenditures and GDP beyond that of closed economy
- Exports= lower stock available and boosts real GDP (by increasing expenditures on domestically produced output
Negative Net Exports
- Negative = Xn2
- C+Ig+Xn2
- Other things equal negative exports reduce AE and GDP (Imports add to stock of goods, but diminish GDP by reducing expenditures on domestically produced products)
International Economic Linkages
Prosperity Abroad
- Rising level of real output and income among US trading partners allows US to sell more good abroad, raising net exports
- They do good and they buy form us, we get more money and buy from them
- Prosperity abroad=prosperity here
Tariffs
- When a foreign economy raises tariffs on imports they increase production in their economies, stimulating it; this reduces US exports and depresses our economy
Exchange Rate
- Depreciation of dollar
- enables people abroad to get more dollars in exchange for their own currency
- Price of US goods in terms of that currency to fall stimulating increase in purchase of US exports
- US citizens will find that they need more dollars to buy foreign goods and reduce spending on imports
- INCREASES NET EXPORTS & GDP
ADDING THE PUBLIC SECTOR
- enables people abroad to get more dollars in exchange for their own currency
- Public open economy
- Adding taxes and government purchases
- Adding taxes and government purchases
- Gov purchases do not cause any movement in schedules
- Net tax revenues come from person taxes
- Fixed amount of taxes is collected regardless of GDP
Government Purchases and Equilibrium GDP
- Increase in public spending shift the AE upward and produce higher equilibrium GDP
- C+Ig+Xn+G
Taxation and Equilibrium GDP
- Lump-sum tax=tax of a constant amount or a tax yielding the same amount of tax revenue at each level of GDP
- Taxes reduce disposable income relative to GDP by the amount of taxes
- Decline in DI reduces consumption and saving at each level of GDP
- Tax increases lower the AE schedule relative to the 45˚ line and reduce the equilibrium GDP
- Decreases in existing taxes will raise the AE schedule
- Ca+Ig+Xn+G=GDP
Injections, Leakages, and Unplanned Changes in Inventories
- Imports and taxes are added leakages
- Saving importing, and paying taxes=uses for income that subtract from potential consumption (PC)
- Consumption is will be less than GDP (creating potential spending (PS) gap) in amount of after tax saving(S), imports(M), and taxes(T)
- Exports(X), gov. purchases(G), and investments(Ig) are injections into the income expenditures stream
- Sa+M+T=Ig+X+G
- Consumption is will be less than GDP (creating potential spending (PS) gap) in amount of after tax saving(S), imports(M), and taxes(T)
- Because AE=GDP: all goods and services produced will be purchased
EQUILIBRIUM VERSUS FULL-EMPLUYMENT GDP
- The economy doesn't always need to produce full employment and price level stability
Recessionary Gap
- Recessionary gap (RG) in the amount by which AE at the full employment GDP fall short of those required to meet full employment GDP
- Graphically the RG is the vertical distance by which the actual AE schedule lies below the hypothetical AE schedule
LIMITATION OF THE MODEL
- Does not show price-level changes:
- Can account for demand-pull inflation, but does not include how much the price level will rise when AE are excessive
- Does not measure inflation
- Can account for demand-pull inflation, but does not include how much the price level will rise when AE are excessive
- Ignores premature demand-pull inflation
- Does not explain why mild d-p can occur
- Does not explain why mild d-p can occur
- Limits real GDP to the full-employment level of output
- Economy can actually expand beyond full-employment real GDP, AE model does not show this
- Economy can actually expand beyond full-employment real GDP, AE model does not show this
- Does not deal with cost-push inflation
- AE does not address
- AE does not address
- Does not allot for "self-correction"
- AE does not contain features that may correct RG