Senior Class AP Help Guides

Final Econ Study Guide

2008-05-13T18:03:00.000-07:00

I couldn't figure out how to attach it as a document, so here's just everything copied and pasted:

Study Guide for Final Exam!!

Your final exam will be 60 multiple choice questions and 3 FRQ’s.

Graphs

1) Consumption Schedule

2) Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply

3) Foreign Exchange Market

4) Loanable Funds Market

5) Long-Run Phillips Curve

6) Investment Demand Curve

7) Money Market Graph

Multiple Choice

1) Unit 1

a) Production Possibilities Curve

A production possibilities curve allows you to analyze the options for an economy that can produce two goods.

i) Calculate the opportunity cost of production of a good from a PPC curve

The opportunity cost of moving from point R to point T is 3 units of computers and the opportunity cost of moving from point R to point Q is 1 unit of food.

b) Calculating opportunity cost in general

John is a lawyer and can earn $150 an hour at his job. His lawn needs mowed and trimmed and it will take him only 3 hours to complete the task. To hire someone to mow the lawn for him would cost him $30 an hour but take 5 hours to complete. Should John hire someone or mow the lawn himself? John would be giving up $450 (3 X $150) to mow the lawn or $150 (5 X $30) to hire someone

John has a comparative advantage in law so he should specialize in law and hire someone to mow his lawn.

Also know how to calculate opportunity cost and comparative advantage in the following examples:

Amount that can be produced in one hour

Country Food Clothing

X 20 hours 50 hours

Y 10 hours 20 hours

c) Circular Flow Model

Households are demanders in the product market and suppliers in the factor market. Businesses are suppliers in the product market and demanders in the factor market. Money flows clockwise and goods and services flow counterclockwise.

2) Unit 2

a) GDP

A region's gross domestic product, or GDP, is one of the ways of measuring the size of its economy. The GDP of a country is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. It is not always an accurate indicator of a nation’s well being. GDP per capita (GDP divided by the population) is a better indicator of a nation’s well being but it still does not present the whole picture of a nation’s economic state. GDP = C+I+G+Xn

i) What counts?

Look it up!!!

What does NOT count:

· Financial transactions from the government to you, for example: welfare, unemployment and social security

· Private transfer payments: private exchange of money

· Stock market transactions: buying stocks on the stock market (or selling them) do not count in GDP.

· Second hand sales: if you buy my car, it does not count in GDP

· Illegal (“under the table”) transactions: If someone works for cash it does not count toward GDP

· Any work that someone does on their home does not count.

ii) Understand the relationship between real GDP, nominal GDP and price level.

Real GDP = nominal GDP

Price index

If nominal GDP increases faster than real GDP than there is an increase in price level, if real GDP increases faster than nominal GDP than the nation is experiencing growth. If they both grow at the same time what does that mean?

iii) Potential GDP - Including an increase in and decline in potential GDP.

Potential GDP is the highest amount of GDO that can be sustained over a long period of time. It is represented by the LRAS curve in the AD/AS model, also in the business cycle graph as the straight line that remains constant.

This is the potential GDP

Anything that would change potential GDP would also shift the LRAS. For example an increase in investment will increase potential GDP.

b) Inflation

i) Price index

c) Interest rates

i) Nominal vs. Real – how does inflation affect these interest rates?

d) Unemployment

i) Why is the unemployment rate not an accurate indicator of actual unemployment?

ii) Types of unemployment

iii) How unemployment compensation affects the unemployment rate

(a) Affects on Phillips Curve (long-run and short-run)

3) Unit 3

a) Classical Economics & Keynesian Economics

i) Basic arguments

In classical economics there is a very laissez-faire idea of economics. There is no need for the government to step in because markets are self adjusting and eventually will get itself out of the recessionary or inflationary gap that may be occurring at any specific time.

b) Aggregate Demand /Supply

One of, or the, key graph in macroeconomics

The determinants of aggregate demand are: Consumption, this is spending done by consumers in the economy, investment spending, government spending and Net Exports. If one of these decreases than so does AD and vice versa.

The determinants of aggregate supply are resource prices, actions of the government and productivity/technology. Examples of resources are energy costs, wages, taxes. An action of the government would be a subsidy given to a farmer to help him produce a specific crop. Productivity/technology increases are anything from a new, more productive way of producing to a new invention.

i) How will a change in a determinant affect the AS/AD curve and equilibrium?

An increase in AD will increase both PL and GDP (output)

A decrease in AD will decrease both PL and GDP (output)

An increase in SRAS will increase GDP (output) and decrease PL

A decrease in SRAS will increase PL and decrease GDP (output)

(1) How will this change affect output, employment, unemployment and price level?

If GDP/Output (same thing) goes down then we stop producing as many goods and companies will have to fire employees since they are no longer needed with the decrease in output. Therefore unemployment will do up.

If GDP/output increases then companies will have to hire more employees in order to maintain production at the new level. Unemployment will do down.

c) Stagflation

d) Fiscal Policy

i) Automatic stabilizers

ii) How do changes in fiscal policy affect aggregate demand, output, and price level?

e) Crowding Out

f) Leakages in the economy – How they decrease the effects of government policies

g) Government Budget

i) What do deficits cause? What will occur?

If the government enacts policies in which it spends more than it receives in tax revenues then the government is in a deficit. A deficit will add to the economy’s growing national debt which is currently at over $9 trillion!!!

The government must find a way to finance its debt, whether it is to cut spending, raise taxes, and borrow money (which includes bonds).

h) Spending multiplier

i) Know it and what affects it.

i) Consumption schedule

i) Know how to read the consumption schedule.

ii) Be able to calculate the required increase in spending necessary to reach full employment.

j) Keynesian Aggregate Expenditure Model

i) When income changes what will happen to savings and consumption

k) MPC & MPS

4) Unit 4

a) Banking

i) What decreases the banks’ ability to make money?

ii) Finding the reserve ratio: given the appropriate information on an increase in banking deposits and reserves.

iii) Given the reserve requirement, a deposit of x amount will increase reserves how?

Increase the reserves of that bank

b) Monetary Policy

i) How does the Fed increase/decrease the money supply?

(1) During which type of gap (inflationary or expansionary) would the Fed increase or decrease the money supply?

(2) How does changing the money supply (different monetary policies) affect interest rates, investment, aggregate demand and output?

c) Money market

The money market graph has two parts, quantity of money demanded and quantity of money supplied. The quantity of money supplied is vertical because the money supply is affected only by the actions of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve uses monetary policy to increase and decrease the money supply. The money demanded is controlled by consumers and businesses. We hold money to buy the goods we need every day and so that we can hold some of our wealth in “liquid” form. If we (consumers) decide to hold more money than the amount of money demanded would increase (shift to the right). Other things can affect money demanded, for example if the income level increased than the amount of money demanded would increase too (more money needed to pay incomes)

(1) How quantity demanded and supplied affects interest rates

Shifting either money market curve (like discussed above) changes interest rates. If the money demanded curve shifts to the right so that more money is now demanded than supplied, than the interest rates will rise in order to reach a Md & Ms equilibrium (vice versa for a leftward shift in the money demand curve)

(2) M1, M2, M3

5) Unit 5/6

a) International Economics

i) Benefits of specialization

ii) Domestic effects of tariffs

iii) How does a change in the demand for goods/services in one nation affect the currency exchange rate, the demand for currencies, and supply of currencies?

Relate changes in interest rates to changes in the value of the dollar

Chap 19

2008-04-06T22:38:00.001-07:00

19-1 Hyacinthe, Louis XIV

- 1701, oil on canvas. 9'2" x 7'10

-richly costumed monarch Louis XIV or Le roi Soleil ("the sun King")

-Poses in the robe of state with gold fleors-de-lis and white carmine. The king is being showed as the curtains are being pulled back. He is showing off is leg which he was proud of.

- The facial expressing makes Louis human with a direct glaze to the viewer

-Made for grandson Philip but he kept it and ordered a copy for his grandson later. It was common for people to order multiple copies of something.

19-2 Gianlorenzo Bernini. Baldacchino

-1624-33 gilt bronze 100' Chair of peter shrine 1657-66 gilt bronze, marble, stucco and glass pier decorations 1627-41 gilt bronze and marble

-Combines architecture, sculpture, and painting

-Twisted columns symbolize union of Old and New Testament

-Composite capitols use Ionic and Corinthian order, entablature with crowning element topped with an orb and a cross, putti angles decorate entablature.

- Marks Peter's grave and a monument to Urban VII and family (honeybees and suns, and laurel leaves climbing on vines are his emblems)

19-3 Saint Peter's Basilica and Piazza , Vatican , Rome

-Carlo Maderno, façade, 1607-26, Bernini piazza 1656-57

- Bernini designed the colonnade to form a large double piazza at the entrance of Saint Peter's

- He had to work with an open irregular space, with the fountain and the obelisk already in place. It surrounds an oval piazza with 2 curved porticoes with Doric columns; they are connected to two straight porticoes that lead to the church facade

- Bernini said that the porticoes represented the "motherly arms of the church" reaching out to the world

19-6 Facade, Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

-1665-67 Borromini

-The columns and the deep niches create a great contrast between light and shadow

- the facade has a strong vertical in the center by putting a statue niche above the door, then above that a windowed niche with a pointed canopy, then a large cartouche held up by angels in extremely high relief

-the facade is toped with a balustrade and the pointed frame of the cartouche

19-9 Gianlorenzo Bernini. Saint Teresa of Avila in Ecstasy

-1645-52. Marble, height of the group 11'6". Cornaro Chapel

-Represents a vision seen by a Spanish mystic, where an angel pierced her body with an arrow, taking her to a state of religious ecstasy or oneness with God.

-The angel seems to float on the clouds, they are cut from a heavy mass of solid marble supported on a hidden pedestal and by metal bars embedded in the chapel walls

- Captures movements and emotions and uses different textures and colors in the white marble, the angel's gauzy drapery that seems like silk and Teresa's seems like a woolen robe.

-You can tell that there is a body underneath the heavy drapery event though you can only see her hands, head, and feet.

-the rays if light are made from gilt bronze they are illuminated from a hidden window above.

19-10 Gianlorenzo Bernini. David

-1623, marble, height 5'7"

-David bends at the waist and is twisted far to one side

-It's a more mature version of David, with a ferocious expression, tightly clenched mouth and straining muscles

- It includes the viewer in the action because the seems to be someone behind the viewer, this represented a new direction of art

19-15 Pietro da Cortona. Triumph of the Barberini

- ceiling fresco in the Gran Salone, Palazzo Barberini, Rome . 1632-39

- allegory of the virtues of the papal family

- below the center of the vault, seated on top of a pyramid of clouds are personifications of Time and the fates, and Divine Providence. Divine Providence gestures toward 3 giant bees surround by a huge laurel wreath held up by Faith, Hope, and charity.

-Immortality offers a crown of stars and other figures are presenting the cross keys and the crown of the papacy

-Around the figures are the Roman gods and goddesses that represent the pope's triumph over the vices

19-16 Giovanni Battista Gaulli. Triumph of the name of Jesus

-ceiling fresco with stucco figures in the vault of the Church of Il Gesú , Rome 1672-85

- It unifies architecture, sculpture, and painting. All the elements come together to create the illusion that the clouds and angels are floating down through an opening in the vault

-It is focused off centered on the golden Aura around the letters IHS, which is the insignia of the Jesuits and the monogram of Jesus.

-It is a Last Judgment piece; the Elect are rising toward the name of God and the Damned plummeting toward the nave floor.

19-19 Caravaggio. Entombment.

-From the Vittrici Chapel, Church of Santa Maria in Vallicell, Rome . 1603-4. Oil on canvas 9'10" x 7 15/16"

-The viewer's perspective is from within the Burial pit that Jesus is being lowered into

-The figures form a triangle, the angular elements are repeated with the projecting edge of the stone slab, Jesus' bent legs, the akimbo man, the bunched coat, the spaces between the raised hands, and the knock-kneed stance of the man in the right.

-Mary Magdalen and the Virgin don't really intrude in the scene because most of the light is focused on Jesus, the man holding him on the right, and a young John the Evangelist

19-20 Artemisia Gentileschi. Judith and the Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes

-1625. Oil on canvas, 6' ½" x 4'7"

-Judith Triumph over the Assyrian General Holofernes

-She uses the Baroque naturalist and tenebrist effects showing Judith still holding the sword and hiding the candle light as the maid stuffs the head into the sack

19-23 Central block of the Garden façade, Palais de Vesailles

-Hardouin-Mansart built the additional wings and the renovation of the central block and the matching gardens.

-The bottom story (3 story building) is slightly rusticated and lined with arched windows separated by Ionic pilasters.

-the attic level has rectangular windows flanked by pilaster, and it has flat terraced roof

-The whole design is a balance of horizontals and verticals with rectangular spaced projecting blocks with open, colonnade porches

19-24 Jules Harduin-Mansart and Charels Le Brun. Hall of Mirrors, Palais de Versailles

-Begun 1678. Length about 240'

-the interior wall is lined with Venetian glass mirrors, which were very expensive in that time.

-The mirrors reflect the light coming in through the windows on the opposite side, it gives the impression that the room is much larger.

-Le Brun painted the ceiling with scenes glorifying the reign of Louis XIV who was associated with Apollo the sun god

19-27: Georges de la Tour. Magdalen with the Smoke Flame

1640, Oil on canvas
Simplified setting and a light source (typical of La Tour)
Hand and skull act as devices to establish a foreground plane
Compression of the figure within the pictorial space lends a sense of intimacy
Light is the unifying element
Mary has put aside her rich clothing and jewels and meditates on the frailty and vanity of human life

19-28: Claude Lorrain. Landscape with Merchants
1630, Oil on canvas
Idyllic scene in which elegant man proffer handsome goods to a passerby as the sun rises
Huge trees and a busy foreground
Creates landscapes with figures
Painting is the epitome of the orderly, arranged, classical landscapes

19-29: Nicolas Poussin. Landscape with Saint John on Patmos
1640, Oil on canvas
Consistent perspective progression from the picture plane back into the distance through a clearly defined foreground, middle ground, and back ground
Zones are marked by alternating sunlight and shade and architectural elements
Ruined temple with obelisk in the middle
Precisely placed trees and clouds take on a solidity of form that seems almost as structural as architecture
Eagle is the symbol of John

19-30: Jakob Pandtauer. Benedictine Monastery Church
Built high on a promontory overlooking the Danube River
Combines church, monastery, library, and guest quarters that evolved into a splendid palace to house the traveling court
Flanked by two long parallel wings, one of which contains a grand hall and the other, the monastery's library
Wings are joined at the lower level by a sections with a curving façade forming a terrace overlooking the river in front of the church
Large windows and galleries take advantage of the river view, while colossal pilasters and high bulbous-dome towers emphasize the buildings verticality

19-32: Pedro de Ribera. Portal of the Hospicio de San Fernando, Madrid
1722
Severe brick structure
Uses classical elements and organizes them symmetrically
Structural forms are turned into projecting and receding layers overlaid with foliage
Carved curtains looped back
Florid styling was carried by conquistadors

19-34: Jusepe de Ribera. Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew
1634, Oil on canvas
Apostle, Bartholomew, is being martyred by being skinned alive
Ribera highlighted the intensely realistic aged faces with dramatic Caravaggesque tenebrism
The bound Bartholomew looks heavenward as his executioner tests the knife that he will soon use on his still-living victim
Combined classical and Caravaggesque technique

19-35: Francisco de Zurbaran. Saint Serapion
1628, Oil on canvas
Depicts martyrdom, but represented with understated control
Zurbaran was associated with monastic orders for which he executed his major commissions
Portrays the martyrdom of Serapion
- Sacrificed himself in exchange for the Christian captives
  
  The dead man's pallor, rough hands, and the course ropes emerge from the off-white of his creased Mercedarian habit
19-37: Diego Velaquez: Water carrier of Seville
1619, Oil on canvas
Arranged elements of his paintings with mathematical rigor
Objects and figures allow the artist to exhibit his virtuosity in rendering sculptural volumes and contrasting textures illuminated by dramatic natural light
- Light reacts to surfaces: reflecting off the glazed water pot at the left and the matte (dull) jug
19-38: Diego Velaquez. The Surrender at Breda (The Lances)
1634-35, Oil on canvas
The Spanish governor has defeated the Dutch at Breda
Opposing armies stand on a hilltop overlooking a vast valley where the City of Breda burns and soldiers are still deployed
The Dutch commander hands over the keys of Breda to the victorious Spanish commander
Painting represents a courtly ideal of gentle-manly conduct
Velaquez displays his ability to arrange a large number of figures into an effective composition

19-39: Diego Velaquez. Las Menina (The Maids of Honor)
Draws the viewer directly into its action, for the viewer is standing, in the space occupied by King Philip and his queen (you can see their reflection in the mirror)
The central focus is on their daughter in the center
Used a minimum of under-drawing building up his forms with layers of loosely applied paint and finishing off the surfaces with dashing highlights
- Captures the appearance of light on surfaces
A personal statement in its own day, not a true court porttrait

19-40: Bartolome Esteban Murillo. The Esquilache Immaculate Conception
1645-50, Oil on canvas
Depicts controversial idea that Mary was born sin free
Artist was given specific instructions for the painting:
- Mary would be dressed in blue and white, hands folded in prayer, as she is carried by angels heavenward
19-45: Peter Paul Rubens. The Raising of the Cross
1610-11, Oil on canvas
Side panels contain related but independent images
- Wings extend the action of the central scene and surrounding landscape across the vertical framing
In the center: Herculean figures strain to haul upright the wooden cross with Jesus already stretched upon it
Left: Followers of Jesus join in morning
Right: Indifferent soldier supervise the execution

19.46 Henri IV Receiving the Portrail of Mare de' Medici
- 1621-25; oil on canvas
- Henri falls in love with Marie, shown by Cupid and Hymen (God of Marriage), supreme Roman god, Jupiter, and wife, Juno look down
- encourage to abandon war for love; puttis play with his armor
-political propaganda of the highest order

19.48 Charles I at the Hunt. Anthony van Dyck
- 1635; oil on canvas; 8'11'' x 6'11''
- King portrayed as truthfully and an quietly imposing figure
- read for hunt; shown taller
- tree branches bow gracefully toward him

19.50 Still Life with Flower, Goblet, Dried Fruit, and Pretzels. Clara Peeters
- 1611; oil on panel; 19 ¾ x 25 ¼ ''
- arranged rich tableware and food against neutral, almost black backgrounds
- goblet and bowl contrast with simple pewter ware, same as flowers with pretzels
- pretzels piled high, Baroque elements, with complex multiple curves

19.51 Catharina Hooft and her Nurse. Frans Hals
- 1620; oil on canvas; 33 ¾ x 25 ½ ''
- captures vitality of a gesture and fleeting moment in time
- for posterity the great pride of the parents in their child and their wealth; rich fabrics, laces, and expensive toys (golden rattle)
- acknowledges views as a loving family member and nurse tries to distract with an apple

19.52 Officers of the Haarlem Militia Company of Saint Adrian. Hals
- 1627; oils on canvas; 6' x 8'8''
- Hal's composition turns the group potrail into a lively social event while still maintaining a strong underlying geometry of diagonal lines - gestures, banners and sashes - balanced by perpendiculars of tables, window, tall glass, and striped banner
- very brilliant with the black suits, hats with white ruffs, and sashes of the rose, white, and blue

19.53 Self-Portrait Judith Leyster
- 1635; oil on canvas; 29 3/8 x 25 5/8 ''
- Leyster's know for informal scenes of daily life; moralistic theme
- artist pauses her work momentarily; as if the viewer had just entered the room
- elegant trees and fine chair are symbols of artist succession
- her subject, man playing a violin
- immediately sees difference between painted portrail and painted painting
- narrow range of colors dispersed on composition and warm spotlighting are typical of Leyster's mature style

19.54 Captain Frans Banning Cocq Mustering His Company (The Night Watch). Rembrandt van Rijn
- 1642; oil on canvas; 11'11'' x 14'4''
- dense layer if grime and darkened varnish on if dark background architecture was thought to be a night scene, The Night Watch
- but after cleaning and restoring, it shows the rich colors
- dramatic group composition shows a company forming for a parade in an Amsterdam street
- Rembrandt added several colorful but seemingly unnecessary figures
- officers stride purposefully forward, the rest of the men and several mischievous children mill about
- young girl at the left, carrying a chicken and wearing a money pouch, unusual that attempts have been made to find symbolic or ironic meaning

19.57 Self-Portrait. Rembrandt van Rijn
- 1659; oil on canvas; 33 ¼'' x 26''
- shows Rembrandt's sensitivity to the human condition

19.60 Maas at Dordrecht
- 1660; oil on canvas; 3'9 ¼'' x 5'7''
- dramatic change of idealized scenes
- Cuyp and other Dutch painters represented the country as they saw it
- At Dordrecht, the wide, deep harbor of the Maas River was always filled with cargo ships and military vessels, and Cuyp's seascapes express pride in the city's contribution to the United Butch Republic's prosperity, independence, and peaceful life

19.63 View of delft. Jan Vermeer
- 1662; oil on canvas; 38 ½ x 46 ¼''
- doesn't paint a photographic reproduction of the scene
- moves buildings around to create an ideal composition
-endows the city with a timeless stability created by the careful placement of the buildings, the quiet atmosphere, and the clear, eve light
- the camera obscura would have enhanced optical distortions that led to the "bleading" of highlights, which creates the illusion of brilliant light but doesn't dissolve the underlying form

19.64 Woman Holding a Balance. Jan Vermeer
- 1664; oil on canvas; 16 ¾ x 15''
- perfect balance creates a monumental composition and a moment of supreme stillness
-woman contemplates the balance and so calls our attention to the act of weighing and judging
- her hand and the scale are central, but directly over her, on the wall of the room, hangs a large painting of the Last Judgment
-a metaphor for eternal judgment
-woman's moment of quiet introspection before she touches gold or pearls also recalls the vanitas theme of the transience of life, allowing the painter to comment on the ephemeral quality of material things

19.70 St. Paul's Cathedral. Christopher Wren
- designed in 1673; built 1675-1710
- on the main (west) front, two stages of paired Corinthian columns support a carved pediment
-the deep-set porches and the columned pavilions atop the towers create dramatic areas of light and shadow
-the huge size of the cathedral and its triumphant verticality, complexity of form, and chiaroscuro effects make it a major monument of the English Baroque
-simple marble slab that forms his tomb in the crypt of the cathedral, he had engraved: "If you want to see his memorial, look around you."

Chap 19

2008-04-06T22:35:00.001-07:00

Baldachin: Canopy

Example: Baldacchio

Travertine: Porous stone that is less costly and more easily worked with than marble

Example: Piazza Navona

Tenebrism: Forms emerge from a dark background into a strong light that often falls from a single source outside the painting

Example: Calling of Saint Matthew

Parterres: Planting beds

Example: Embroidered planters located in Palais de Versailles

Prix de Rome: Prestigious scholarship offered by the French Academy

Example: Given to Hyacinthe Rigaud

Retablos: Spanish for "altarpiece" The screen placed behind an altar

Example: Portal of the Hospicio do San Fernando

Nepotism: favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power

dry point: Sharp needles used to scratch shallow lines in a plate

breakfast pieces: showing a table set for a meal of bread and fruit

camera obscura: A dark box with a hole in one side sometimes with a lens, it operates when a bright light shines through the hole. It projects an upside down version of the image on the interior wall which then can be traced

vanitas: an image in which all the images symbolize the transience of life

still life: paintings artfully arranged on table, comes from stilleven a Dutch word

flower pieces: Still-life painting in which cut-flower arrangements

Bays: vertical divisions

Ex: Banqueting House, White-hall palace, London. Indigo Jones

clapboard: horizontal plank sliding

Ex: Parson Capen House. Topsfield

Limners: face painters

Ex: Mrs. Freake and Baby Mary; Anonymous "Freake Painter"

Baroque: "imperfect pearl" to designate certain formal characteristics of Art and its history; "absolute unity"

Ex: practically everything in this chapter

impasto: thickly applied pigments

Huerta's Inferno

2008-04-03T18:31:00.000-07:00

The 5 Layers of Huerta’s Hell

Level 1
Huerta was walking down a lonely road on his way home from work. His arms were heavy with the day's newspapers (he was a paperboy) and his bike was busted. He let out a sigh as he thought "Just 5 more minutes and I'll be home," but no sooner had the thought entered his mind, when a black car appeared and two armed men forced him into the backseat and placed a bag over his head. He awoke and saw a man leaning against the side of a busted table nearby, his back to him. Huerta grabbed a shovel randomly laying next to him on the hard cuboidal shaped concrete bricks. He approached the figure slowly, shovel in hand, ready to knock him a good one, “Either you tell me who you are, or I make you friends with my shovel here!” He said as bravely as he could, trying his hardest to not let his voice get all squeaky with fear. The man glanced back his way “Homie, you better be joking! I save your life and you threaten me with a freakin' shovel?" He paused examining Huerta's pale face with a bored expression, "I'm Laquanda, and I’ve been trapped in the Stratum Basale for the last month or so.” “Stratum Basale? What’s that?” “It’s the first floor of this house, the Epidermis House, they call it.” "Epidermis house?" Huerta questioned "You must live in a box to not have heard of this place" Huerta did answer, but he didn't put down his shovel either. He was an economy student, he was supposed to stay in his box. "There are five floors, each more gruesome then the last. The only way out is to make it to the 5th floor" "Well why haven't you tried to get out" "Pssh, I did try, I barely made it back down here in one piece" Laquanda froze, his hand moved quickly to the inner part of the jacket he wore, he took out a small knife "Hey! What's with the knife?" Huerta yelled out panicked, Laquanda threw the knife and it hit it's target dead center. The sound of the shovel hitting the cuboidal stone echoed through out the dank basement. He got to his feet and pulled the dagger out of the columnar walls. A spider-like creature bigger then this fist plopped to ground at his feet. "What is that thing?" Huerta asked, he was as white a ghost and had almost peed his pants (but he wasn't about to admit that) "They're called Stratum Germinative, just a single bite and you join the rest of those keratinocyte ghosts that haunt this place. I" "We have to get out of here" Huerta said, his voice laced with fear. " "Since there are two of us now, I guess it's worth a go" Laquanda said pocketing his weapon as he walked up to Huerta. The short Mexican could do nothing but take in the sheer height of his ally. He was TALL. "Let's get moving then. They only open the doors to the outside world once every two weeks, and that two week mark is today" Huerta followed Laquanda to an old beaten up door on the other side of the room. "You ready? This isn't going to be easy, dude." Huerta nodded his head repeatedly at a rather quick pace, as if trying to reassure himself. Laquanda looked at him with a cocked brow. "Okay, dude. You need to calm down" He stopped to make to sure he was ready for the fight that was sure to come, he bent down and tied his shoe, you don't want to worry about tripping when you're facing those things. Huerta noticed a small cut on his leg through a tear in his pants "What happened?" Laquanda straightened himself quickly, "Just a cut, nothing big. We're going to see much worse" He pulled open the creaky door and led Huerta out of the columnar and cuboidal room and up a long staircase.

Level 2
Laquanda and Huerta entered the most elegant and luxurious ballroom they had ever seen. It consisted of 8-10 layers of grand crystal windows that reached the ceiling. Oil paintings hung around the walls, intermingling with the windows, and casting off beautiful lights… Out of those lights arose shadows which slowly materialized into ghosts. They appeared friendly at first, doing nothing more than smiling and dancing, and a merry wave here and there. But as the minutes passed, they morphed, just ever so slowly. Their arms and legs duplicated, and became long and spindly, but their bodies shrunk continuously, until all that was left was a dead and shrunken skull atop 8 hairy legs. “Keratinocytes” whispered Laquanda in a hushed tone, “we need to leave, NOW!” And with that final word, Laquanda and Huerta took off across the ball room, running for their lives, with Huerta screaming at the top of his lungs. They climbed flight after flight of stairs, trying to put some distance between them and the Keratinocytes, but those hairy creatures had come together to make a gigantic spider webs, thus blocking the left exit, and their last hope.
The Keratinocytes were now closing in, their legs tapping impatiently, anxious to feed. Huerta appeared to be reciting his will and Laquanda closed his eyes and held is breath, waiting for the bite that never came.
Echoing around the ballroom walls was a Tarzan-like cry uttered by a shirtless man atop a balcony on the opposite wall. Across his chest the word “Roach” was written in bold letters. And without further ado, he cut a thread from the spider web and swung across the room. He was of course, aiming to land close enough to Huerta and Laquanda, so as to make a quick and speedy exit, but instead he ran-over, head-first, a dozen Keratinocytes.
That moments distraction was all Huerta and Laquanda needed to slip past the keratinocytes, and follow a very fast, yet slightly disoriented Roach up the staircase and out of harms way.

Level 3
All was silent on this floor, a sense of calm overwhelmed Huerta and Laquanda, despite the abnormal floating candles in the dark.
They agreed to rest and catch their breath before going an further, and as they did so, Roach recounted how he himself go into the house.
“All I remember was milking goats in Lebanon, and that’s a lot harder than you think. You’ve got to treat the goats with respect; like a sheet of music, ‘cause once you hit a wrong chord--”
“Just tell us how you got here!” yelled Laquanda and Huerta.
“Alright, alright,” replied Roach “Well, like I said, I was just out milking the goats when I heard this strange noise outside. I poked my head out to see what was going on and called out to see if it was my mom or something, but there was nothing. So I went back inside to continue milking the goat. And as I sat down on the stool, I noticed that my milk pail was gone, I turned around to look for it, but the last thing I remember was that milk pail coming at my head.”
“That’s it? Someone whacked you with a flimsy pail and you were out????” asked Laquanda almost indignantly.
“Well, it was more than half-filled…”
“Roach, don’t even talk to me anymore” said Laquanda
The silence lasted only for a few minutes before a strong wind momentarily blew the candles out. When they reignited, Roach, Huerta, and Laquanda looked at the ceiling and saw row after row of dead and flattened keratinocytes covered in tonofilament spider webs lining the walls.
Large glass doors now appeared before them, and they heard black sludge ooze from the wall and floor cracks .
“Get away from the walls! That black sludge, it’s keratohyalin, it turns the tonofilament spider webs into keratinocytes!” screamed Roach.
No sooner had he said it, when dozens of keratinocytes scuttled down the walls, heading for the three. They ran for the glass doors, jumping and leaping over keratinocytes, anxious to miss those deadly stingers. Panting, Laquanda made it through the glass doors first, followed closely by Huerta, but poor Roach never did.
He was just inches away when the glass doors slide shut. Roach desperately beat his hands against the doors screaming “OPEN UP! OPEN UP!!!!!” But try as they might, Huerta and Laquanda could not get the door to budge. They watch in horrified silence as Roach is submerged by keratinocytes.
They hear an evil laugh above and manage to catch a glimpse of a figure on a balcony, and watch as the figure struggles with what appears to be a pump, now emitting a green gas. They hear a stir on the other side of the glass doors, and watch as Roach slowly gets on his feet.
“ROACH! ROOOAAACCCHHH!!!” screamed Huerta.
But by know Roach had started mumbling incoherent descriptions about llamas and Lebanon.
“Shut up! He can’t hear you!” yelled Laquanda.
“But we can’t just leave him there!” retorted Huerta.
“Look, that’s Apoptosis gas and unless you want to--”
They heard a small explosion, and Roach fall on his knees, headless.
“ROACH!!!!!!!” cried Huerta.
“Unless you want to go the way of that goat-milker, I suggest we leave now, seeing as how the Apoptosis gas could leak through the cracks any minute!”
Suddenly the keratinocytes on the wall began to secrete a new liquid (“lamellar granules” shuddered Laquanda).
The silvery lamellar granules became compacted, and rushed with force at the glass doors, breaking them. But by then Huerta and Laquanda had gone, and were well on the way to the next floor.

Level 4
Laquanda and Huerta raced up the stairs panting, not far ahead Laquanda could see the door leading to next floor. "We're almost there!" he called out. They burst through the multi-colored door and shut it behind them as quickly as they possibly could. A white light filled the room, so bright they couldn't see a thing. "Where are we?" Huerta ask as he attempted to shield his eyes from the burning light, "Either the 4th or 5th level, I'm not sure. This place changes sometimes, as soon as the light dies down we'll be able to tell which floor we came out on" As he said those words the searing light began to fade away to a dull yellow light that they could both handle easily. The room was a lot smaller compared to the last few rooms they had run through. The room was filled with old grey keratinocytes, they came in the form of what seemed to be simply the outline of elderly people, they didn't seem to notice them and they moved very slowly. "Why are you so old and see through?" Huerta whispered. "The one's here are transparent, something about the Stratum Lucidum. Keratinocytes move through each floor when they get older, while new ones are being added to house on that bottom floor where you woke up at" "You mean . . ." Huerta paused as he tried to comprehend what Laquanda was saying. "You mean, we were supposed to become keratinocytes?" "That's exactly what I'm saying. As they move through each floor they make their way to the 5th level where they will be let go." "Let go?" "They get rid of them, new ones are coming in, they don't need the old keratinocytes on the verge of death. Come on, we need to keep going" As they followed the old hollowed out wall, avoiding the old geezers hobbling along a loud new voice me their ears. "Hold it right there!" They spin around and see a keratinocyte in the form of a young short girl with chinky eyes standing in front them. "Where are you two going?" She yelled out. "Out the door" Laquanda answered. "OBJECTION!" She yelled out, "You're not going anywhere . . . Unless you take some of this pan de ube with you" The keratinocyte pulled a plastic bag out from behind her back containing the said bread. The two stared at her in shock. "Who are you?" Laquanda asked. "My name's Jessyca, I lead all the passing keratinocytes to the 5th level to be shed from the Epithelium House. " "So you know the way out then?" Huerta asked quickly and without thinking, which was totally normal for him. "Oh yeah, I even know how to get out without passing by Chrystina Taylor." "What's a Chrystina Taylor?" Huerta asked Jessyca gave him a funny look, "Surely you know who she is, I mean, Chrystina has been the queen of the Epithelium House since before that little Stratum Germinative made me a keratinocyte." "Chrystina Taylor is the ruler of the keratinocytes. Her step-father ruled and left the title to Chrystina, even though he has a daughter of his own. Haleigh, the mostawesomest of all the keratinocytes, was left with nothing after he was shed, but that's not going to last much longer" That last bit Laquanda had muttered under his breath. "I'm sorry, what was that?" Jessyca asked "I missed that last thing you said" "Nothing" Laquanda said before turning his back to her, "We need to keep going." "Where are you two heading to?" "We're heading for shedding" Huerta replied. "I can show you a short cut if you would like" "Sure, that's cool" Laquanda nodded, "Let's get going"

Level 5
Haleigh watched as the trio raced up the staircase from a heavily shadowed spot on the beams above them. Soon the Epidermis would be hers once and for all. Soon she would take what was hers!

Flashback
King Swain lay on his death bed, his two daughters stood before him. One, his daughter from his first marriage, beautiful and strong-headed, the other, his step-daughter powerful and intimidating. "Girls" he began, his voice quivering from the strain "I would want nothing more then to let both of you rule, but I can only choose one to take on the responsibilities of running the Epidermis . . .Chrystina, you will be the next ruler of this house."

Haleigh practically shock from her rage. "I will get what is mine" she whispered.

"Come on" Jessyca said as led them through a darkened path lit by only a few lamps hanging from the ceiling. "Where are we, the throne room isn't anywhere near here" "No, I told you that I was going to take you to the exit without passing through the throne room, remember?" Tracy frowned as he followed Jessyca through the hall. Suddenly the lights were gone and the group was engulfed in darkness, they could hear the sounds of footsteps, of a small gasp, someone was struggling. Then silence. The lights flickered back on. "Where's Laquanda?!" Jessyca called out, "I think we better worry about ourselves first, look!" Huerta said pointing further down the narrow hallway where an army of spider keratinocytes were making their way towards them. "Oye! It's time to get going!" Jessyca grabbed Huerta's upper arm and turned around and began running as fast as she could. She pulled him into a darkened turnoff that Huerta hadn' t noticed when they had walked past it. "Come on!" Jessyca yelled again. She let go of his arm and assumed he would follow her when she continued to run. In the middle of the hallway coming up quickly as Jessyca raced through was a thin plastic orange fence, it was barely visible through the darkness, but she saw it and she leapt as high as she could . . . Her foot caught in the fence and she fell. Her slipper was torn, "Oh no!" She cried out as Huerta stopped to help her up, the Keratinocytes were close. Their eyes got wide as she stumbled to her feet, ripping the shoe off her foot, it was too messed up to run in. "We have to keep going" Huerta yelled, panic filled his voice. They took off again. And once again they were forced to ground. This time they ran into something moving. "Laquanda!" Jessyca yelled out. "Finally! I found you guys!" He looked up and saw the hoard of Keratinocytes rampaging towards them, "Yeah, we should get going" He dragged the two to their feet and led them down the hall he was just exited from. "This way!" He called out. They burst through extremely large double doors, shutting them behind them. They could hear the sound of the keratinocytes colliding with the door outside. "Where are we?" Huerta asked aloud as he looked around the room in awe. It was large and ornately decorated. The shimmering lights and sparkling crystal windows shone brightly "We're in the Stratum Corneum. The topmost layer" Laquanda answered. "More then that. We're in the Throne Room" Jessyca added a bit nervously, "We have to get out of here before -" The shaking ground cut Jessyca off in mid-sentence. "Before what?" Echoed a monstrous voice coming from, of all places, the ceiling. They all looked up quickly. Hanging from a thick web was a giant keratinocyte. "It's her!" Jessyca whispered, her voice overflowing with fear. "Queen Chrysitna T, also known as Queen Gohma!" "Huerta!" Laquanda demanded, "You must fight her. You are the only one who can defeat her!" "Why me?" "There are stories about you, you're the chosen one sent from the heavens to rid us of the darkness. Only you can do it!" Huerta turned to see the giant spider-keratinocyte queen hovering above him laughing hysterically. "I can do this." He repeated over and over. He shut his eyes tight and when he opened them he was ready for battle. He longer wore the beat up old clothes he wore every other day, instead he was wearing a long green tunic, with brown tights and high brown hunting boots. On his head was green cap, one you might confuse with a sleeping cap. He reached for the sheath that was suddenly at his waist and pulled out the Kokiri sword ready for battle. His trusty sling-shot also ready at his waist. The monster attack and Huerta dodged. As Queen Chrystina turned searching for Huerta with her one giant eye Huerta pulled out his sling-shot and hit her eye dead center. Kokiri sword in hand he took one good slash at the injured keratinocyte queen and took her out."

"DUDE!" Laquanda cried out. "You did it!" Panting Huerta grinned at Laquanda and Jessyca, he turned back to the body of the keratinocyte queen as a small blue fairy rose from her body. Huerta approached it, a glass bottle in hand ready to catch it. Just as he uncorked the bottle the fairy it transformed into a gorgeous woman with long blue hair adorned with gold bands and ringlets hanging from the ends. Her skin itself had a bluish tint. She was dressed in a skimpy icy blue bikini. That was when Huerta noticed her claw like nails. This woman was beautiful, but obviously a force to be reckoned to with. As her feet touched the floor Huerta took in her height . . . or lack of it, she couldn't have been taller than 5 feet. She tossed her hair out her face before her hard gaze met Huerta's. It was a look that could freeze over Hell. Huerta took a step in both shock and fear. You would think that he would have learned that short women were the ones you really have to look out for. Behind him Laquanda dropped to one knee, "I have done all that you have asked, my lady, or should I say, Queen Haleigh" Haleigh's gaze turned to Laquanda's bowed head. "Yes you did quite well. I am very pleased" Laquanda rose to his feet and stepped to Haleigh's side, "What do we do with these two useless sacks of keratin?" Laquanda asked with an evil grin. "Dispose of them, they are not of any use to me" Haleigh replied with toss of her hand. "Dispose?" Huerta questioned quickly, "Laquanda, what is she talking about what's going on?" That's when it hit him, everything suddenly made sense, "You . . . The cut on your leg. . . You're disappearing . . . You're a keratinocyte!" "A bit slow aren't we? I was never on your side, I was never trying to get you out, you were just the only one who could take out the spider" "I should have known, how you always knew which way to go, someone living In the Stratum Basale would have never known all that stuff you knew" "And yet it took you until now to realize it" "Did you get shorter?" Jessyca asked out of the blue. "What?" Laquanda replied, "You look shorter." That's when Laquanda really look in his height loss, he was almost the same size as Haleigh . . . "What's going on?" He asked looking as his body in shock, "I'm turning into an Asian kerantinocyte" "Oh, did I forget to mention that? You traveling through the levels of the Epidermis means you're getting flatter, shorter. You being short, means you're practically useless to me . . . No, let me correct that, you are useless to me." "You promised me a share of your power!" Laquanda growled. "Did I? You must have misheard me, I would never promise my power, my right to rule, to a misshapen keratinocyte like you." Laquanda fell to knees as he was just about ready to charge at the new queen. "Well it looks like it's time for you to be shed." Haleigh said mockingly as she stood above Laquanda as he lay on the ground clutching his stomach in pain. She looked up just as the other two fell to their knees as well. "It looks like it's time for all of you to go." With a snap of her delicate hand big strong keratinocytes appeared and dragged the near lifeless bodies to the shedding site. "Bye now" Haleigh said laughing as she turned her back on the trio making her way through the grand throne room to her throne where she would rule for as long as she may.

AP Government Midterm Study Guide (Half Complete)

2008-04-02T00:40:00.001-07:00

Senate: 100 Senators, two from each state
- Must be 30; must be a resident of the state they are representing; must have been a U.S. resident for at least nine years; only 1/3 of the senate is up for reelection at a time
- Senators were expected to represent the will and interest of those in power in a given state
- 17th amendment says that the Senators will be elected by the people
Limits on the government include the restriction under the Articles: Central gov. has little power, cannot call a militia, cannot implement taxes without approval from the states
Filibuster: Delaying tactic used in the U.S. Senate by the minority in an effort to prevent the passage of a bill amendment
Thomas Paine called for an end to colonists' political wavering over British rule and prompted the idea of an American republic where free citizens were in control
.
The no Child Left Behind Act motivates states to lower standards to meet the requirements of the act, the focus of standardized testing encourages teaches to teach only a narrow subset of skills for the test, expectations are set lower and there in an increase in segregation by class and race and push low-performing students out of school, even schools doing well will want to do better and so push out low performing students

Alfie Kohn says that that law is unredeemable and should be scrapped and its main effect sentences poor children to endless test-prep drills
Believed that "man is not by nature a social animal, society could not exist except by the power of the state" and believed that you give up your rights to the government in return for your life
Locke believed that we have the right to rebel if the government is infringing upon our rights and seeks absolute power
The weaknesses of the Articles include the central government's inability to call a militia forward, implement taxes without the consent from the states, unable to regulate commerce, economic rivalry between states was occurring that the central government couldn't doing anything about it, led to territorial conflicts and civil unrest
Miranda v. Arizona: The 5th Amendment privilege against self-incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of his rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney
Who has the powers to tax, borrow money, and define and punish criminals?
- The Judicial branch of the government defines and punishes criminals as in the Supreme Court
McCulloch v. Maryland: Maryland tried to impose a tax on all note of the bank not charted in Maryland. Ruled that though the constitution does not specifically give Congress the power to establish a bank, it does delegate the ability to tax and spend, and a bank is a proper and suitable instrument to assist the operations of the government in the collection and disbursement of the revenue. Maryland had no power to interfere with the bank's operation by taxing it
Federalist Papers: They were written with the intention of recruiting more support for the constitution. They brought up the good points of the constitution and even spoke on the topics that anti-federalists worried about and told how the constitution made these topics not a problem
.
The first political party in the U.S. was the Democratic-Republican party which was created by Jefferson. They believed that the Congress should dominate the central government.
- "Equal rights for all, special privileges for none"
- Got the support from agricultural areas
- Dominate the government form Jefferson's presidency to the civil war
Federalist: Created by Hamilton and supported a strong central government. It dominated urban areas in the north
The Democratic party came from the demo-repub.
- Did not support a strong central government
- National bank
- Elitism
McCain-Feingold Act:

AP Government -Module Notes- Chap 6 Parts 1-4

2008-04-01T20:07:00.001-07:00

Lesson 19: The Nature of a President 3/31/08 (35 minutes)

Section One - Qualifications and Qualities

35+ years old, natural born US citizen, and living in the US for 14 years before they become president (does not have to be consecutive years, just total)
must satisfy three audiences
- politicians
- party activists
- the public
has five main roles
- head of state
- chief executive
- commander-in-chief
- diplomat
- legislator
Richard Neustadt: political science/historian who said that a president's most vital power is the ability to persuade
- Harry Truman said he spent all of his time trying to get people to do what they were supposed to do in the first place
Clinton Rossiter: political scientist who said a president has to be able to multitask
James MacGregor Burns: presidential biographer who said presidents must have a clear, focused agenda that can be achieved during his term
James David Barber: political scientist who said presidents who have a clear agenda and purpose, are active, and have a positive perception of the position are more likely to be seen as strong leaders

Section Two - Rules and Contingencies

there are two ways to become president
- election: must recieve a majority of votes in the Electoral College; most common method
- succession: vice president gains presidential powers (but not title) if the president is unable to complete his term
  - VP John Tyler: In 1841 took title and presidential powers when President William Henry Harrison died; set precedent for succession
  - Twenty-fifth Amendment: made in 1967 it stated that if a president passes away, resigns, or is impeached by both houses of Congress, the vice president will become president. It also says that the vice president can assume presidential responsibilities if he and a majority of the Cabinet members concur that the president is incapacitated or if the president declares himself incapacitated (vice president and Cabinet members must send a written declaration to the Senate President Pro Tempore and the Speaker of the House to gain power. president must send a written declaration to the Senate President Pro Tempore and the Speaker of the House to regain his powers, but Congress can keep him from regaining his powers with a two-thirds vote if the majority of the cabinet do not think the president should regain his power)
  - Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry Truman, Lyndon Johnson, and Gerald Ford have become president through succession in the twentieth century
  - Presidential Succession Act of 1947: if the vice president cannot fulfill role of president it goes to the the Speaker of the House, then the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, then the members of the cabinet until someone is able to fill the role
    - Gerald Ford took on role when Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and then President Nixon resigned for his involvement in the Watergate scandal
  - vice presidents can also be succeeded, a new vice president is nominated by the president and then the nominee must be approved by Congress
impeachment: a way to remove a president from power. This includes filing formal charges against the president and conducting a trial, and requires a majority vote from the House followed by a two-thirds vote fromt the Senate
- a president can be impeached for treason, bribery, or high crimes and misdemeanors
- Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the only presidents to be impeached (for both the House voted to impeach, Senate did not convict); Richard Nixon would have been impeached but he resigned first
president is paid a salary and an expense allowance set by Congress; president cannot accept gifts for fulfilling his office (to avoid bribery)
- salary cannot change while he is in office (so Congress cannot control the president by increasing or decreasing salary)
- salary changes based on inflation, but in 2004 was $400,000 with a $50,000 expense allowance. The president also has access to a Boeing 747 and a helicopter, is given Secret Service protection for himself and his family, has total health care, and receives a pension. President must pay income tax on both salary and expense allowance as he is a citizen.
term limit: president can only serve two four-year terms in office
- precedent set by George Washington and continued by the first 31 presidents
- Twenty-second Amendment: in 1951 the term limit was added to the Constitution following President Franklin D. Roosevelt being elected four times
  - vice president who succeeds a president can serve up to 10 years if succession occurs toward the end of the presidential term

EXPRESS ROLES

+Roles of the President: Commander-In-Chief, Chief Executive, Head of State, Chief Diplomat, and Legislator

+Commander-in-Chief: Article II, section 2; the president controls the military by working through the Department of Defense

+Established by the first Congress to advise the president on military matters

+Members of the Department of Defense include the secretary of defense (Also a cabinet members and the Joint Chiefs of Staff)

+Responsible for giving the president advice in his role as Commander-in-Chief

+President also works closely with the House and Senate committees on armed services and the appropriation committees that designate funding for the military

+Power of control over the military is shared with Congress

+Congress has the power of appropriations and to declare war

+Used this power in 1941 for WWII

+War Powers Resolution stipulates that a president must get Congressional approval if he wants to commit troops on an emergency basis

+President appeals to the public prompt Congress to give him powers to conduct war when he sees fit

+President also exercises power over military leaders to ensure that national security goals are met

+Chief Executive: Article II, Section 1 and 3; Champion of the U.S. Constitution

+Sworn to uphold and defend its laws and make sure that they are executed

+Administrator and Crisis Manager can be seen as extensions

+Admin: President is the head of an immense Bureaucracy, which includes the Cabinet, government agencies, commissions, and other entities

+Crisis Manager: President handles national crises

+Pres. is judged by the world and the nation on how well he handles these situations

+Head of State and Chief Diplomat: Article II, Section 3; Attends state dinners, acts as the ceremonial leader of the nation, and meets with foreign leaders/meeting with foreign diplomats, appointing ambassadors, and fulfilling obligations to negotiate treaties, agreements, and understandings with foreign powers

+Represents the U.S. at official functions, such as funerals or weddings of important foreign officials, treaty signings, and goodwill trips abroad

+Pres can enter into executive agreements which do NOT require the senate's approval

+Expand existing legislation or treaties

+Legislature: Article II Section, 3; the president must present to Congress a State of the Union message each year

+Having so many roles limits the president's time

+They are usually so busy that they react to crisis situations as they occur

+The demands on his time usually requires the pres to set aside his Agenda, limiting his time for promoting his policies

TRADITIONAL ROLES AND SPECIAL POWERS

+Pres is the national head of his political party

+Role carries special privileges and responsibilities

+Privileges: Having a heavy influence on the party's platform, choosing party leaders at the national committee level, and becoming the goodwill ambassador for the party by building relationships with states and local party leaders

+Enjoys an unchallenged bid for the second term

+Responsabilities: Making speeches on his party's behalf, traveling around the U.S> to help state and local party affiliates raise money, and campaigning in off-year elections

+Presidential coattails

Executive Offices and Staff

-Main executive offices are located in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building (Next door to the white house)

-Offices are runned by official appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate

-Three main offices:

-Office of Management and Budget: Helps the president draft proposed budget for Congress by reviewing legislation, regulations, and proposed budgets

-National Security Council: Created in response to intelligence lapses during WWII as an effort to better coordinate intelligence gathering

-Oversees American foreign policy and security issues, helps the president manage crisis, and makes sure national security policies and implemented

-Council of Economic Advisors: Helps the president develop an economic plan for the nation

-Creates the economic report of the President

-Also houses the office of the United States Trade Representative: Negotiates trade with foreign powers and create implements and trade policies

-President's staff is located in the West Wing of the White House

-The president appoints staff members and they do not require congressional confirmation

-Chief of Staff: Highest ranking member of the white House staff

-Maybe be very powerful and firmly control the White House or may just be one of the president's advisors and have a less powerful role

-Staff is divided into a number of specific functions that help the president organize and manage the executive branch

-Ex: Political advisors: Speech writers, ect.

-Ex: Policy officers: Advisors to the presidents for specific policy issues (National security council and Council of economic Advisors)

-Appointed by the president and do not require Senate confirmation

-Ex: Support staff: Secretarial staff, kitchen personnel, ect.

Presidential Management Models:

-Political scientists have examined several models or how the presidents run the White House and control administrations

-Pyramid Model: Based on a strict military-like chain of command that emphasizes a powerful Chief-of-Staff

-President is on top of the pyramid with the Chief of Staff running the White House staff with a great deal of authority and acts as a clearing house for information and access to the president

-Advantages: receives information through the Chief of Staff and is not burdened with the details of running their white House

-Disadvantages: President may not get all of the information he might need

-Chief of Staff could neglect to of choose not to send on information to the president

-Hub-and-Spoke Model: Can be visualized as a circular structure

-Based on the New Deal White House system of management

-Has the president playing a dominant role in the everyday happenings in the White House

-Chief of Staff has diminished power and importance and is usually less well known to the public

-Demands that the president have very strong leadership skills and an eye for detail

-Advantage: President directly controls his administration

-Disadvantage: President can loose sight of the "forest for the trees"

-Too many sources for one person to act upon

-Ad Hoc Structure: Combines leadership and management tactics that the CEO of

a large corporation might use

-Circular Structure: Staff and advisors report directly to the Oval Office

Approval Ratings and Public Perception:

-New president have high approval ratings for the first 100 days

-because the electorate expected that the new pres will address the problems of the nation with vigor and carry out promises made during the campaign

-During this time the pres can honestly say that he has the mandate of the people since they have just elected him to office

-exceptions to this theory occur when a president is elected president even though he did not receive the popular vote

-Mandate Theory: Does not work in this case

-President tries to gauge the publics response to his policies and proposals

-They turn to approval polls: Private polling organizations regularly conduct

-Media also tracks the presidents approval ratings and reports it to the people

-Polls help the president to shape policy, the media to spot problems in the new administration, and the people to make judgments about the president

-Presidents are no longer automatically granted concessions from Congress during their first 1100 days in office

-They no can expect to have to negotiate to the their legislative agenda positively considered by Congress

-A strong economy nearly always leads to high approval ratings

-Low taxes and inflation, high employment rates, steady cost of living, absence of recession and a strong stock market are all elements the encourage a positive view of the president

-National Crisis can raise a presidents rating if he handles it well

-Americans traditionally "rally around the flag" and support the president in emergency

-Foreign travel can boost a president's popularity because a trip abroad and also trigger a "rally around the flag" effect

-Americans feel a sense of pride when they see foreign crowds cheering for a US president and are angry when foreign nationals demonstrate against their Commander-in-Chief

-Foreign difficulties can address a president's public approval as well

-Failure in foreign policy can cause the public to extend disapproval to a president's policies in general

-Scandal can dampen public enthusiasm for a president

-Perception that the president is unable to fulfill campaign promises can damage his approval rating

-During the heat of campaign politicians can often make lofty pledges that are difficult to keep even in ideal situations

-Prolonged war or overseas conflict that has no foreseeable end can damage a president's approval rating

-People will give high approval at the start, it will drop

AP Government: Chap 6-Module

2008-03-27T23:12:00.001-07:00

Composition of the Senate:

Congress is made up two legislative houses
- House of Representatives and the Senate
- 100 senators, two from each state
- Less than 1/4 the number of seats as the House
- Senators represent a larger base of constituents than House members do
  - Senators must be at least 30 years of age
  - Must be resident of the state they're representing
  - Must have been US resident for at least nine years
  - Only 1/3 of the senate is up for reelection at a time
- In the early years the senate thought they were superior to the House and they even snubbed Washington when he tried to use them for an advisory board
- The House has often viewed the Senate as snobbish
  - House was designed to directly represent the will of the people and was therefore chosen by popular election
  - Senators were expected to represent the will and interest of those in power in a given state
  - Since the system for electing senators became corrupt, the 17th amendment was added in 1913 stating that senators shall be elected by the people through popular election
- House members and senators tend to be white, male, wealthy, and have a law or business background
- Congressional representation is described as substantive rather than descriptive representation
Power, Committees, and Debates
Power in the Senate is not as clearly defined as it is in the House, and it's more widely dispersed
Constitution makes the VP the president of the Senate
- The real power is held by the majority and minority leaders who dictate legislative agenda
- The party whips are the senators who ensure good communication among party members and work with the party leaders to urge members to vote with the party on key issues
- Committee and sub-committee chairpersons also command significant power
Constitution delegates specific powers to the senate
- Power gives the Senate particular authority and influence over the president and executive department
- Senate has power to confirm the most important presidential appointments
- "Senatorial courtesy" is the practice whereby the president before making a judicial appointment in a particular state
- When a candidate has made it through senate approval a simple Senate majority is required to confirm the appointment
- Also has the right to confirm treaties and try impeached officers
- 2/3 votes is required for a treaty confirmation
Senate committees operate similarly to the House committees
- 16 standing committees
- Senators try to serve on committees that will allow them to affect legislation that will impact their home state
Senate is different in how it conducts business and determines legislation
Senate has held itself out to be a contemplative body that is willing to spend more time discussing
Senate has opened and unrestricted debate on bills
Filibuster: Strategy used to lock legislation
- Occurs when opponents of a proposed piece of legislation debate the topic as long as possible to prevent senate from voting
- Filibuster can be deterred
  - Motion for cloture (vote to limit debate and end a filibuster can be entertained in the Senate
  - Senators voting usually vote along strict partisan lines and requires 3/5 majority to pass
Route of a Bill through Congress
Bill: Piece of legislation that has been proposed, but not passed
Bills can come from many sources, but only the congress have the right to introduce them for consideration
Only pass 5% of bills proposed
Two types:
- Public: affects all citizens and encompass such issues such as taxes and how government money is spent
- Private: Affect small groups, individuals or places. Bills may appropriate money owed to citizens
Congress passes resolutions
- Uses resolutions to state opinions on matters, change the procedures of their individual bodies, and address issues within the houses
- Since resolutions pertain to the house of Congress, they are not laws, and president does not have to sign them
- Joint Resolution: employed to address incidental or short-term matters
  - Once passed by both houses of Congress, a joint resolution becomes law, so the pres doesn't need to sign it
- Concurrent Resolutions: Address situations in which the houses of Congress must act together
  - Congress issues concurrent resolutions to state its position on matters of foreign policy
    - Differ from joint resolutions in that once passed they do not become laws
    - Pres doesn't need to sign
After bills have been logged, the Speaker of the House assigns them to committees based on the nature of the bills
- Matches each bill's content to a committee for consideration
Assigning bills to committees can be difficult when bills have overlapping area of concern
Committee assignment can be critical because the committees sort through bills and determine which ones will be considered
Once in committee a bill moves to a special sub-committee for consideration
- Examines the bill, holds hearings, and adds amendments
- The sub-committee votes on the bill
- If approved the bill returns to the full committee for final discussion and approval
Rules Committee: Acts as the legislative clearinghouse
- Assigns calendar date for the bill and rules that will limit how long the bill can be debated
- Also decides not to assign rules for bills
Then passes to the House floor
- Either the House can act as a Committee of the Whole or the House can debate, amend, and put the bill to a vote
Committee of the Whole: members of the House become one large committee
- Accelerate the legislative process because only 100 members need to be present
- When the house converts to the COTW the speaker becomes a member of the committee and a different rep. acts as the committee chair
- COTW cannot pass a bill, so after the Committee finished discussion on a bill, its member disband
There are several methods of voting:
- Voice vote: shouting 'yea' or 'nay'
  - Speaker declares outcome, but votes of individuals is not recorded
- Teller vote: walk between two "tellers" appointed by the Speaker
  - Those voting in favor of the bill go first followed by those who are opposed
- When one or more members disagree with the tally from voice vote the house holds another vote by division or standing
- Roll-call vote: when one 1/5 of the house is present
  - Members respond individually with "yea" or "nay" when their names are called -Recorded
If the whole House approves a bill, the bill moves to the Senate
Senate acts on the bill like the house does
- Assigned to a committee (uses same vote methods)
Four differences:
- Senate does have a Speaker of the house, so the Majority Leader confers with the Minority Leader to decide which committee will handle a bill
- Senators can add unlimited amendments to a bill including ones that do not relate to the context
- Reps can serve on only one major committee at a time
- Senate does not have a Rule Committee to limit debate time
Veto Power and Judicial Review
After both the House and the Senate approve a bill it moves onto the president for his action
Four actions the pres can take
- Pres can sign the bill into law
- Veto the law
  - If he vetoes the bill it returns to its origin along with an explanation for the veto
  - Congress can accept the veto or it can vote to override the president's decision
    - Needs 2/3 vote
- The bill sits on the president's desk for ten days excluding Sundays at the end of which it becomes law
Pres might choose to let the bill be law if it is highly controversial and contrary to his campaign promises
Constitution provides that the pres can use a pocket veto
Although the Congress can pass a bill and the pres can sign it into law
- Judicial branch has final word
- Judicial review provides that the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional
- Many laws have failed judicial review
- Many groups lobby heavily for and against bills during all stages of the legislative process
- Additionally the public can act as lobbyists by sending letters and e-mails and by making phone calls to legislatures
Congress members can also be called lobbyists by making deals with their fellow legislators
- Sparring and deal making can be frenzied in cases of port-barrel legislation

Physiology –Muscles Table

2008-03-27T19:32:00.001-07:00

FACIAL

Name	Location	Description	Action
Frontalis	Runs vertically on forehead, originates in tissue on scalp	Composed of medial & lateral parts	Draws eyebrows & skin upward
Occipitalus	Lips		Elevates lips
Orbicularis Oris	Schimeter muscles around mouth	Mucous membrane, muscles inserting into lips	Closes lips
Obicularis Oculi	Around eyes Outer: Medial orbit Palpebral: Palpebal ligament	Three parts: Orbitial, Palpebral, & lacrimal	Projecting and moistening eyes, expressive displays, constrict skin, reduces opening, closes the eye
Zygomatic	Major: Cheek bone (near mouth corner) Minor: Lateral part of cheek	Inverted by zygomatic & buccal branches	Lifts corner of mouth upward (smiling Draws skin of lip upward laterally
Levator Labii Superioris	Upper lip & cheek	Two parts: Nasal & lateral Nasal: Originates near/on cheek bone Lateral: From medial part of orbit	Raises upper lip straight up Raises upper lip, stretched nasal wing up, & wrinkles nose
Depressor Labii Inferioris	Originates in chin part & inserts into skin of lower lip	Inverted by mandibular & buccal branches of facial nerve	Pulls red parts of lips (lower) straight down & skin of lower lip laterally down
Mentalis	Part of mandible below the front teeth	Associated by mandibular & buccal branches of facial nerve	Pushes chin boss upward
Buccinator	Lips	Maxilla & mandible (inserts into)	Maintains cheeks near teeth & food in position for chewing
Platysma	From upper chest through neck to lower cheek	Innverted by deep cervical branch of facial nerve	Assists in depressing mandible & tightens the fascia of neck Lowers jaw and lip

CHEST

Sternocladiomastiod	Manubrium of sternum	Inserts into mastoid process of temporal bone	Lateral flexion to same side & rotation to opposite sides Flexion of head & neck
Pectoralis Major	Sternum to 7th rib	Inserts to crest of greater tubercle of humerus	Flexion of humerus, extension of humerus returning from flexion
Pectoralis Minor	3rd, 4th, & 5th ribs	Inserts into caracoid process of scapula	Tilts scapula forward, depresses & abducts scapula
Deltoid	Lateral 1/3 of clavicle	Inserts into deltoid tuberousity	Abducts the shoulder joint
Serratus Anterior	Scapula fossa of scapula	Inserts into lesser tubercle of humerus	Medially rotates shoulder joint
Subscapularis	Originated at the inner surface of the scapula	Inserts into inferios lateral aspect of clavicle	Elevates first rib, stabilizes sternoclavicular joint

ABDOMINALS

Rectus abdominus	Front of lower torso	This bands of connective tissue	Flex the spine
Transverse Abdominus	Deepest muscle to the core wrap under abs	Acts as a natural weight belt	Essential for trunk stability as well as keeps stomach tight
Internal Obliques	Flank rectus abs/ run diagonally no body allowing for angles movement	Runs opposite of internal	Twisting of torso Rotate torso & stabilizes abs
External Obliques	Each side of rectus/ run diagonally on body allowing for angled movement	Runs opposite of external	Twisting/ Rotate torso & stabilizes abs
Trapezius	Runs down upper section of spinal cord	Long, trapezoid shape	Scapular elevation
Latisimus Dorsi	From side of body toward spinal area Attached to the upper humerus to vertebral	Largest in back Fan shaped	Pulls arm toward pelvis

AP Lit. Dante Allusions

2008-03-25T06:28:00.001-07:00

Achitophel/Absalom/David

According to Christian traditions David was named King over Israel and was chosen by God. He was the youngest son of the shepherd, Jesse, and on day Samuel, a man whom God spoke through, came to Jesse and asked to meet all of his sons, for one of them would be king. Samuel met all young men present at the meeting, and God had told him that none of these men were the one he was looking for. Samuel asked Jesse if these were all of his children, Jesse replied saying that his youngest son was caring for the sheep. The youngest, David, was called before the man of God and right away God told him that David was the one he was looking for. David was anointed by Samuel that very day and from then on God was with him. David's first and most famous victory alongside God occurred when he was still a child. There was a giant named Goliath terrorizing the people of Israel. David took three stones from a brook and his sling and he killed Goliath. David became the most powerful of all the kings and he defeated the enemies of God with ease.

David married many women and had many children. One woman he married was Bath-sheba, whom he seduced and impregnated before the death of her husband. When he learned of her pregnancy he had Joab assign her husband, Uriah, to a battle position where he would surely die during battle and, just as planned, he died. This action angered God and after they were married he told David that he would be punished through the death of the Bath-sheba's child. The child died five days later and David was forgiven for his sins. Bath-sheba later had another child, Solomon, who would be king and would have God give him great wisdom.

One of David's children was called Absalom. Absalom was handsome and long beautiful ebony hair. Absalom had a sister, Tamar, who was beautiful. His half-brother, Amnon, fell in love with Tamar and tricked her to come to him while he lay in bed pretending to be sick. He raped Tamar and when he was done he was overcome with hatred for his sister and sent her away. She was shamed, for he had taken away the virginity of a daughter of the king. When Absalom heard what Amnon had done he was angered and angered more when David would not punish Amnon for his actions. Absalom tricked Amnon into having dinner with him and all of their brothers and there he killed them and fled to the Geshur, the city of his mother.

Achitphel was a very wise advisor to King David. After three years of hiding Absalom returned to the City of David, though they still did see each other. Absalom begins to conspire against his father and raises up an army against the king. Achitphel slips to Absalom's side and David prays to God for him to take away Achitphel's wisdom. Achitphel advises Absalom to take 1200 men and slay David that very night. Absalom is pleased with this advice but also seeks Hushai's advice on the matter. He is told that this plan is not good for the time and he suggests fighting at a later time. The counsel and Absalom all agree that the words of Hushai would be better to follow. When Achitphel realized that his advice was not being followed he returned to the place of his father and hung himself. Hushai, knowing the plan Absalom intended to use to slay David, sent a warning to the king.

David sent out an army under Joab and instructed them to deal gently with his son and to bring him back alive. There was a great slaughter as many men were killed. Absalom had been riding upon the back of a mule when he went to meet the servants of David. The mule passed through a thick brush and David hair caught in the thicket and the mule moved out from under him. A man saw this happen and reported to Joab that Absalom was caught hanging in an oak tree, Joab asked his why he did not kill him when he saw this. The man explained that he would not dare touch Absalom against the word of the king. Joab then took three darts and thrust them into the heart of the still living Absalom. Ten men joined Joab and they slew him. Joab sent a priest, who volunteered, to bring David the news of the death of his son. David was left mourning.

The reference to David, Absalom, and Achitphel is a biblical allusion

Betrand de Born of bolgia 9 in the 8th circle of hell is more or less introducing himself to Dante and explaining who he is and what he did. He says that he encouraged a mutiny. Convinced the son of a king to rebel just Achitphel did with Absalom and David. He is comparing himself and his actions to Achitphel.

Achitphel, Absalom, and David are all people taken from the books of I and II Samuel in the bible. David was king of Israel under God with Achitphel as one of his advisors and Absalom was his son. Absalom rebelled against David and Achitphel betrayed David by counseling Absalom, although his advice was not taken and he committed suicide after discovering this.

Betrand de Born from bolgia nine compares himself to Achitphel from II Samuel in that he helped raise a rebellion against the king.

". . . it was I

who set the young king on to mutiny,

son against father, father against son

as Achitphel set Absalom against David;

and since I parted those who should be one . . ."

John the Baptist

John the Baptist is described from his birth to his death in the Gospel of Saint Luke. He is the son of Zacharias and Elisabeth, who had once been thought to be barren. His birth was first foretold to Zacharias in his later years by an angel of God. The angel told him that his wife would have a child and that they would name him John. Zacharias did not believe this and so the angel made him mute until his wife gave birth. And indeed, just as the angel had said, the elderly Elisabeth gave birth to a son. When she questioned what he should be named Zacharias burst out the name John, speaking for the first time in nine months. Elisabeth was the cousin of Mary, the virgin mother of Jesus.

John preached the baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins in the country around the Jordan after the word of God came to him in the wilderness. He tells people that he baptizes them with water, but soon one will come who will baptize them with the Holy Spirit and fire. When Jesus was 30 he came to John to be baptized. John knew immediately and said that it is Jesus who should be baptizing him. On Jesus' insistence John baptized Jesus and when we rose from the water the Holy Spirit descended upon him like a dove.

John continued his work until Herod imprisoned him. On Herod's birthday the daughter of Herodias danced for him and to repay her he offered anything she wished. Her mother told her to ask for the head of John the Baptist, and so she asked. Though the king was sorry he would not break his oath and so he commanded it be done. So, John was beheaded in the prison and his head was delivered to the dancer who presented it to her mother.

This reference to John the Baptist is a biblical allusion.

Aretine from the tenth Bolgia of the eighth circle speaks to Dante about him during life and during his explanation he mentions that he learned to stamp the image of John the Baptist onto alloyed gold until he was "bound and burned".

John the Baptist is a Saint in the Christian religion. He baptized Jesus and witnessed the Holy Spirit descending upon him. He was beheaded on the orders of King Herod.

"Inflexible Justice that has forked and spread

My soul like hay, to search it the more closely

Finds in the country where my guilt was bred

Increase of my grief; for there I learned,

There in Romena, to stamp the Baptist's image

On alloyed gold-till I was bound and burned."

Narcissus

Narcissus in Greek mythology was a man who was so vain that he shunned the love of many. One of those was a nymph, Echo. Echo was obsessed with Narcissus, but because of a curse Hera, the queen of the gods, put on her she was unable to speak except for repeating what she heard others say. She followed Narcissus around waiting for him to say something that she could repeat to tell him of her love for him. One day he happened to glance at his reflection and he told himself that he loved him, and Echo quickly repeated his words, but he ignored her. Echo was hurt by his behavior and she hid herself in a cave until she died leaving only her voice behind. Narcissus was put under a curse of his own because of his vanity. He had claimed himself to be more beautiful than the gods. Angered they put a curse on him so that he would love only himself. One day when he stopped his hunting for a drink from a river he caught a glimpse of his reflection and mistook it for a water nymph. He fell madly in love with himself. Narcissus was so in love that he forgot about his thirst and hunger and spent the remained of his days staring into the river begging the water nymph to come out and speak to him until one day he just withered away. The nymphs of the forest mourned for him and in the spot by the river a beautiful flower, the blossom was named for him.

The reference to Narcissus is a mythological allusion

Narcissus is brought just in conversation. It was stated that it was like looking into the mirror of narcissus, meaning that one would become enveloped in the relfection

AP Government -Media Project

2008-03-24T06:14:00.001-07:00

1. Television was a new medium for presidential candidates in 1952. In your opinion, who used this medium to better advantage—Eisenhower or Stevenson? Explain your answer, using details from the spots.

Eisenhower used it much better. He aired his ads when more of America was likely to watch and kept his message short and to the point. Which is perfect for the attention span of America. Stevenson aired his late at night and his speeches were long and then still longer than his allotted time.

2. What concerns does a candidate face when presenting himself in a television ad that might not exist in other campaign situations?

He has to make sure he looks presentable to the point of perfection. Radio ads don't require you to look nice and when giving speeches in person the audience won't be seeing you up close. On TV all of America has a front row seat. Any mistake he makes during a televised speeches will also be heard for everyone to hear and maybe even played back over and over.

3. What kind of effect does TV advertising have on the American political process, voter opinion, and election results?

TV advertising brings the political election into the homes of America and advertises the candidates and their stances. It can both help and hurt the candidates of any given race depending on how they use their time. If you do it right you can raise your chances of being elected and increase the amount of public votes or you can ruin yourself and waste campaign money by doing what Stevenson did and not thinking about when you were airing your program.

4. Select two ads from either 1952 or 1956, and two ads from 1980 or later. Describe the difference in television of both eras, and how they are reflected in the candidate's presentations. What differences do you notice in the production choices, style, and overall effect of the commercials? What do these changes suggest about how the medium itself has evolved?

In 1952 the commercials were fun and advertised the beliefs of the candidate who sponsored them. One of the ads by Eisenhower was a cartoon with a very catchy song that left me wanting to vote for him and another was one of his many "Eisenhower answers America" in which he answers a question asked by 'a common American'

In 1988 it was Bush versus Dukakis (who has a funny name). Bush aired two commercials both of which spoke about bad choices of Dukakis and the mistakes he made. He did nothing during his governor term to help with the pollution of the Boston harbor and he decided to give prisoners weekend passes from prison during which one prisoner escaped, kidnapped a couple, killed the man, and raped the woman. Smart moves on his part.

5. The Internet today offers new challenges for presidential candidates. In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages for presidential candidates in using this new medium? How has the Internet changed the nature of the American political process, voter opinion, and election results?

Advantages of using the internet is that they can get their ads across to America at a lower cost and to a broader audience since nearly everyone uses the internet in this day and age. Disadvantages are that it is so much easier for America to come across and have full on discussions about the follies of the candidates as well. Gossip is spread in a snap.

Project: Examine the 2008 Presidential race to gain an understanding of how television ads and Internet ads reflect and address the concerns of the voting public. What issues do you think are the most important to voters? Why did you choose these issues? Remember that political commercials are designed to respond to voters' concerns.

1. From viewing several ads, either from television or the Internet, what do you think Americans' main domestic and international concerns are at this time? How do the ads address these concerns?

2. Describe the specific criticisms of Clinton, Obama, and McCain the ads you viewed address. Do the candidates provide evidence to back up their claims? If so, what is it and are you persuaded?

3. How effective are negative ads? Do you think such ads help a candidate in an election? Or are voter's repelled by such negative tactics? Explain your answer.

Art History-Images-Chap 25

2008-03-24T06:13:00.003-07:00

25-1: Kojo Bonsu. Finial of a spokesperson's staff
- Ghana, Ashanti culture
- Wood and gold
- Depicts a proverb saying that political power is like an egg, grasp it too tightly and it will shatter, hold it too loosely and it will slip from your grasp
- This was the top of a staff held by a ruler
25-2 Doll (Biiga)
- Mossi culture; wood
- People of Burkina Faso made it
- Biiga=Child
- Plaything for little girls
- Shows ideals of mature beauty
  - Elaborate hair styles, lovely clothing, developed breasts
- Wears hair as most little girls do: long projecting lock over face
- Elongated breasts recall the practice of stretching by massaging for lactation
- Scars at the naval mimic those applied to women following the birth of their 1st child
25-3
Akiode. Twin Figures (ere ibeji)
- Yourba culture; wood
- Female
- Encourage the birth and growth of children, the figures encourage the birth of children and emphasize health and well-being
- Have glossy surfaces, rings of fat as evidence they were well fed and marks of mature adulthood
- Represent hope fort he future, for survival, and prosperity
25-4 Two Masks in Performance
- Dossi, Burkina Faso, Bwa Culture
- Wood, mineral pigments, and fiber
- Importance marked by tall narrow plank
  - Abstract and represent the spirits that have taken neither human nor animal form
  - Graphics are easily identified
  - The crescent at the top represent eh quarter moon, under which the initiation is held
  - White triangle represent bull roarers (sacred sound makers)
  - 'X' represents the scar that every initiated Bwa wears as a mark of devotion
  - Zigzags represent the path of the ancestors
  - The red hook is supposed to be the beak of a hornbill
25-5 Female Ancestral Mask (Nowo)
- Sierra Leonne, Mende Culture
- Wood
- High glossy forehead, plaited hair style decorated with combs, and creases of abundance around the neck represents the Mende ideal of female beauty
- Compared to an African butterfly; therefore the girls are like beautiful butterflies emerging from its ugly chrysalis
25-6 Bwami Mask
- Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lega Culture
- Wood, kaolin, and hemp fibers
- Associated with yananio, the second highest grade
- Head fashioned into an oval into which a concave, heart shaped face is carved
- Masks are colored white with clay and fitted with a beard made from hemp fibers
- Displayed by holding in the hand or attached to a thigh
25-7 Spirit Figure (Boteba)
- Burkina Faso, Lobi Culture
- Wood
- In a pose of mourning
- Boteba mourns so that the owner won't have to be sad
- Takes on the burden of grief
25-8 Power Figue (Nkisi Nkonde)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kongo Culture
- Wood, nails, pins, blades, and other materials
- Plain and wooden when first created, bilongo added specific to the owner
- Nail punched in to get the attention of the spirit
25-9 Spirit Spouse (blolo bla)
- Cote d'lvoire, Baule Culture
- Wood
- Especial attention to details
25-10 Dance Staff Depicting Eshu
- Nigeria, Yourba Culture
- Wood
- Shown as a boy blowing a loud noise to annoy people and also as a wise old man
- Two faces are joined by hair
- Heads crown a dance want meant to be carried in performances by priests and followers of Eshu
25-1 Kojo Bonsu. Finial of a Spokesperson's Staff
- Ghana, Ashanti Culture
- Example of the art of leadership
- Illustrates a story that has multiple meanings when told by a witty owner
- Carved in 1960s-70s
25-11 Kente Cloth
- Ghana, Ashanti Culture
- Silk
- Originally reserved for state regalia
  - Man wore a single huge piece wrapped like a toga with no belt and the right shoulder bare
  - Women wore two pieces, a skirt and a shawl
- Begins with a warp pattern that alternate red, green, and yellow (oyokoman ogya da mu)
- Traditionally only the king was allowed to wear this pattern
25-12 Royal Portrait Figure (ndop) of Shyaam a-mbul
- Democratic Republic of the Congo, Baluba Culture, Kuba Kingdom
- Wood
- While the king was alive his ndop was believed to be his double
- After death it was believed to embody his spirit, which was thought to have power over the fertility of the land and his subjects
- On the front of his dais is a board for playing mancala (he supposedly introduced he game)
25-13 Olowe of Ise. Door from Royal Palace in Ikere, Nigeria
- Yourba Culture
- Wood, pigment
- Asymmetrical composition combines narrative and symbolic scenes in horizontal rectangular panels
- Tall figures carved in profile end in heads facing out to confront the viewer
  - Long necks and elaborate hairstyles make them appear taller
- Figures are in such high relief that the upper portions are carved in the round
25-14 Ekpo Mask
- Nirergia, Anang Ibibio Culture
- Wood
- Given repulsive qualities
  - Swollen features, matte black skin, eneven teeth
- Skulls at top are images of death
- Scar on forehead symbolizes the membership in the diviner's cult
25-15 Kanaga Mask
- Mali, Dogon Culture
- Wood
- Most common
- Rectangular face supports a superstructure of planks that depict a woman, bird, or lizard with splayed legs
25-16 Reliquary Guardian (nlo byeri)
- Gabon, Fang Culture
- Wood
- Carved in naturalistic style with carefully arranged hairstyle
- Fully rounded torso, heavily muscled legs and arms
- Frequent applications of cleansing and purifying palm oil
25-17 Ancestral Screen (duen fobara)
- Abonnema village, Nigeria. Ijo culture
- "Foreheads of the dead"
- Made of pieces of wood and cane that were joined, nailed, bounds, and pegged together
- Wears a hat the shows that he is a member of an important men's society called Peri
- Flanked by assistants, followers, or supporters of the canoe house
- Originally held weapons
25-18 Spirit Mask in Performance
- Cote d'lvoire, Guro culture
- Polychrome wood
25-19 Ouattara. Nok Culture
- Acylic and mixed mediums on mood
- Dense with allusions to Africa's artistic and spiritual heritage
- Name refers to a culture that thrived in Nigeria and whose naturalistic use of terra-cotta sculpture are e earliest known figurative art from Sub-Sahara
- Thickly applied paint has built up a surface reminiscent of the painted adobe walls
- Conical horns at the upper corners evoke the ancestral shrines common in rural communities
- Motif of concentric circles at the center looks like the traditional bull-roarer sound maker
Magdalene Odundo. Asymmetrical Angled Piece
- Reduced red clay
- Asymmetrical
- Flawless surface like traditional Kenyan pottery

Art History-Africa Summary

2008-03-24T06:13:00.001-07:00

Art of Africa in the Modern Era

Traditional and Contemporary Africa:

2nd largest continent in the world
Geographically ranges from deserts to tropical rain forests, from flat grasslands to mountains
There are more than 1,000 different languages
- Grouped into five linguistic families
- Represent unique cultures with their own history, culture, and art forms
Before the 19th century the most important influence in Africa had been the religious culture of Islam
The modern era begins with the European exploration and subsequent colonization of the African continent
- European ships first visited Sub-Sahara Africa in the 15th century
- Contact was limited to the costal regions for the first several hundred years
- As slavery was eliminated explorers began to explore the un-mapped regions of Africa
- They were followed by Christian missionaries
  - Their reports fueled popular interest in Africa
- Drawn by the potential wealth of resources European governments began to seek territorial concessions
  - Diplomacy became force and created competition amount rival powers fueled the scramble for Africa
  - By 1914 all of Africa had fallen under colonial rule
Following WW I
- Nationalistic movements arose across Africa
  - Leaders did not advocate a return to earlier forms, but wanted the transformation of colonial divisions into Western-style states governed by Africans
  - From 1945-1970s colonies gained independence
Africa has affected and has been affected by contacts with different people
- During the 20th century the art of African societies played a pivotal role in revitalizing the Western art tradition
- The formal inventiveness and expressive power of African sculptures were sources of inspiration for European artists
- Modern African artists who have come of age in post-colonial culture that mingles European and African elements can draw on the influence of many cultures
  - Established a place in international art scene along with European, American, and Asian counterparts
Europeans always shipped African art back to western societies, but they were placed into natural history museums rather than art museums until the end of the 19th century
Traditional societies persists in Africa
- Within and across political borders
- Art plays a vital role in the spiritual and social life of the communities
  - Used to express ideas and their relation to the world and as a tool to help them survive

Children and the Continuity of Life

Children represent he future of the family and community
Provide a form of "social security" (parents will have someone to take care of them when they get old)
In the harsh environments of Africa, life is fragile
- In some areas half of all infants die before the age of five and the average life expectancy may be as low as 40
- Women have kids hoping they will make it to adulthood
  - It is a disaster for a woman to not have a child for the woman, husband, and the husbands lineage
    - Unusual for man to be blamed as the cause for infertility
  - Woman who have trouble having children appeal for help using special offerings, sometimes including art
    - 25-2 Doll (Biiga)
      
      Mossi culture; wood
      People of Burkina Faso made it
      Biiga=Child
      Plaything for little girls
      Shows ideals of mature beauty
      Elaborate hair styles, lovely clothing, developed breasts
      Wears hair as most little girls do: long projecting lock over face
      Elongated breasts recall the practice of stretching by massaging for lactation
      Scars at the naval mimic those applied to women following the birth of their 1st child
    - Children do not out grow their Biiga dolls; when they marry the young woman brings it with her to her husbands home as a fertility aid
      - If she has trouble giving birth she will carry the doll on her back as she would a baby
      - After giving birth it is placed on a new clean mat before the baby is placed there
      - Before she nurses the baby the doll is held to her breast
The Yoruba people of Nigeria have the highest birth rate of twins
- The birth of twins is a joyful occasion, but also troubling
  - More delicate than single babies; one or more may die
- Africans believe that a dead child's spirit continues its life in a spirit world and that the parent's care and affection may reach it there
  - If a twin dies the parents consult a diviner (specialist in ritual and spiritual practices) who may tell them that an image of a twin, or ere ibeji must be carved
  - Parents send the artist food as the image is being carved as payment
  - When it is finished the mother carried the image around like a real baby
  - She dances home accompanied by the women of the village
  - The figure is placed on a shrine and is clothed and given food
- It is believed that the spirit of a dead twin honored may bring the parents luck and blessings
  - 25-3
    Akiode. Twin Figures (ere ibeji)
    
    Yourba culture; wood
    Female
    Encourage the birth and growth of children, the figures encourage the birth of children and
    emphasize health and well-being
    Have glossy surfaces, rings of fat as evidence they were well fed and marks of mature adulthood
    Represent hope fort he future, for survival, and prosperity
Initiation
- Concentrated and the acquisition of knowledge may be supplemented by physical tests and trial of endurance to prove that the candidate is equal tot eh hardships of adult life
  - Bwa people of Burkina Faso initiate men and women at the start of puberty
    - They are separated from playmates by being 'kidnapped' by older relatives (Explained in the community by saying they were eaten by wild beasts)
    - Striped of clothing and made to sleep on the ground without blankets
    - Taught about the world of nature spirits and about the wooden masks that represent them
      - They have seen these masks all their lives, but they learn that they are made from wood and are worn by their older brothers and cousins
    - They memorize the stories of each spirit and how to make a costume from hemp to be worn with the masks
      - Only boys wear the masks and so only they learn the dance moves to express the character and personality it represents
    - When they return they have a ceremony to show the community what they have learned
      - 25-4 Two Masks in Performance
        
        Dossi, Burkina Faso, Bwa Culture
        Wood, mineral pigments, and fiber
        Importance marked by tall narrow plank
        Abstract and represent the spirits that have taken neither human nor animal form
        Graphics are easily identified
        The crescent at the top represent eh quarter moon, under which the initiation is held
        White triangle represent bull roarers (sacred sound makers)
        'X' represents the scar that every initiated Bwa wears as a mark of devotion
        Zigzags represent the path of the ancestors
        The red hook is supposed to be the beak of a hornbill
  - Mende people of Sierra Leone initiate girls through an organized society of women called Sande
    - Includes the ritual bath in a river
    - After the girls return to the village to meet their husbands
    - Sande women wear black gloves and stockings, black costumes of shredded raffia fibers that cover entire body, and black masks called nowo
      - 25-5 Female Ancestral Mask (Nowo)
        
        Sierra Leonne, Mende Culture
        Wood
        High glossy forehead, plaited hair style decorated with combs, and creases of abundance around
        the neck represents the Mende ideal of female beauty
        Compared to an African butterfly; therefore the girls are like beautiful butterflies emerging from
        Its ugly chrysalis
  - Lega people from the forests have a political system based on voluntarily association
    called bwami
    - Bwami has six levels, 80% of males belong to Bwami and aspire to get to the highest level
    - Woman can become bwami as well, though they can't be a higher level than their husbands
    - Promotion from one grade to the next takes many years
    - Based on individuals characteristics and ability to pay initiation fees
      - One cannot pay the fees on their own, they need support from their families, this encourages a close community
    - Promotes lifelong growth in moral character and understanding of the relationship of the individual to the community
    - Initiations held in the plaza and dances and songs are performed
    - Values and ideals of the particular level are explained through proverbs
    - Standards are illustrated by natural and crafted objects, which are presented to the initiate as signs of membership
      - Bwami Mask
        
        Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lega Culture
        Wood, kaolin, and hemp fibers
        Associated with yananio, the second highest grade
        Head fashioned into an oval into which a concave, heart shaped face is carved
        Masks are colored white with clay and fitted with a beard made from hemp fibers
        Displayed by holding in the hand or attached to a thigh

The Spirit World

Spirits are believed to inhabit the fields that produce crops, the river that provides fish, the forest that is home to game, ect.
Families include spirits as well; ancestors and children unborn
To communicate with these spirits African societies rely on a specialist
- Provides link between the supernatural and human worlds
- Opening the lines of communication through payer, sacrifice, offerings, magic, and divination
- Lobi people of Burkina Faso believe the spirits of nature are known as thila and control every aspect of life
  - Community brought together by the same thil and agree to regulate by its rules, called zoser
  - Rules can be compared to those binding religious communities around the world
  - No system of rule other than zoser
  - Thila are invisible, but when adversity strike the Lobi may consult a diviner to who may perscribe the carving of a wooden figure called boteba (gives a thila a physical form)
    - 25-7 Spirit Figure (Boteba)
      
      Burkina Faso, Lobi Culture
      Wood
      In a pose of mourning
      Boteba mourns so that the owner won't have to be sad
      Takes on the burdan of grief
    - Thought of as a living being who can see, move, and communicate with other boteba and with its owner
    - Owner can address the spirit and it gives form to directly, seeking its protection or aid
- Kongo and Songye people of the Congo create the mort potent images of power in African art
  - The best known of these are large wooden nkonde, which bristle with nails, pins, blades, and other sharp objects
    - Start out as simple and unadorned wooden figures that may be purchased from a carver at a market
    - Drawing on vast knowledge, the diviner prescribes magical ingredients called bilongo specific to the clients problems
      - Ingreadients are drawn from plants, animals, and minerals
      - Added to figure
    - Bilongo transform the figure into a living being with frightful powers
    - Some bring the figure to life by embodying the spirit of an ancestor
    - Others endow the figure with powers or focus the powers in a certain direction
      - To activate the power clients drive a nail into the figure to get the spirit's attention
        25-8 Power Figue (Nkisi Nkonde)
        
        Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kongo Culture
        Wood, nails, pins, blades, and other materials
        Plain and wooden when first created, bilongo added specific to the owner
        Nail punched in to get the attention of the spirit
- Some African peoples see the spirit world as a parallel realm where spirits have families, ect. Such as the Baule people in Cote d'lvoire
  - Believe that we lived in the spirit world before we were born
  - People who do not achieve their gender specific role (such as a man not getting married or a woman not having children ) may dream of their spirit spouse
  - Dviner may prescribe the carving of an image of the spirit spouse
    - A man has a female figure carved (blolo bla) and a woman has a male figure carved (Blolo bian)
    - Figures display the most admired and desirable marks of beauty so that the spirit spouses may inhabit them
    - Broadly naturalistic, with swelling, fully founded musculature and careful attention to detail of hairstyle, jewelry, and scarification patterns
    - Figures are cared for by owner, they are fed, oiled, and clothed
      - Believed that if they are well cared for the spirits will return the balance to the human life and everything will run smoothly
        25-9 Spirit Spouse (blolo bla)
        
        Cote d'lvoire, Baule Culture
        Wood
        Especial attention to details
Nature spirits are common in African art and major deities are generally considered to be far removed from everyday life and are thus rarely depicted
- Such is the case with the creator god of the Yourba people, Olodumare
  - People have a sizable pantheon of lesser gods, or orisha, who serve as intermediates between Olodumare and his creation
    - One of these commonly depicted is Eshu, the messenger of the gods
      - He is a trickster and the people acknowledge that humans slip up when it is important not to and thus recognize and pay tribute to Eshu
      - Associated with two eternal sources of human conflict: sex and money
      - He is shown with long hair because the people associated long hair with excess libidinous energy and unrestrained sexuality
      - Shrines are erected to eshu wherever there was a possibility of conflict
      - May be represent as male or female, a young prankster or an old man
        25-10 Dance Staff Depicting Eshu
        
        Nigeria, Yourba Culture
        Wood
        Shown as a boy blowing a loud noise to annoy people and also as a wise old man
        Two faces are joined by hair
        Heads crown a dance want meant to be carried in performances by priests and followers of Eshu

Leadership

Art in Africa is used to indentify those who hold power, to validate their right to kingship or their authority as representatives, and to communicate the rules for moral behavior
- Ashanti people of Ghana
  - Admire fine language
  - Government system includes the special post of spokesperson to the ruler
  - Advisers carry staffs of office
    - 25-1 Kojo Bonsu. Finial of a Spokesperson's Staff
      
      Ghana, Ashanti Culture
      Example of the art of leadership
      Illustrates a story that has multiple meanings when told by a witty owner
      Carved in 1960s-70s
  - Use gold for jewelry as do other peoples in the regions, but Ashanti thought of gold as a major source of power
    - Used it for trade
  - Renowned for the beauty of their woven textiles called kente
    - Weaving was introduced in the 1700s from Sudan
    - Weavers work on small, light, horizontal looms that produce long narrow strips of cloth
      - Lay out the long warp threads in a bright colorful pattern
      - Weft threads are woven through the warp to produce complex patterns
      - Longs strips produced by the loom are then cut to size and sewn together to form large rectangles of finished kente cloth
        Kente Cloth
        
        Ghana, Ashanti Culture
        Silk
        Originally reserved for state regalia
        Man wore a single huge piece wrapped like a toga with no belt and the right shoulder bare
        Women wore two pieces, a skirt and a shawl
        Begins with a warp pattern that alternate red, green, and yellow (oyokoman ogya da mu)
        Traditionally only the king was allowed to wear this pattern
- Kuba people of the Democratic Republic of Congo produced elaborate and sophisticated political art
  - Kings were memorialized by portrait sculpture called ndop
    - Royal Portrait Figure (ndop) of Shyaam a-mbul
      
      Democratic Republic of the Congo, Baluba Culture, Kuba Kingdom
      Wood
      While the king was alive his ndop was believed to be his double
      After death it was believed to embody his spirit, which was thought to have power over the fertility of the land and his subjects
      On the front of his dais is a board for playing mancala (he supposedly introduced he game)
    - Did not try to capture a physical likeness of each king-Each king is identified by an icon called ibol carved as port of the dais on which he is seated
      - Refers to a skill for which the king was noted or an important event that took place during his lifetime
    - Also feature carved representation of royal regalia including a wide belt of cowrie shells
    - Below this is a braided belt that can be untied
    - Rings on the forearms were worn by the king and his mother
    - Wear a distinctive cap with a projecting bill
- Kings of the Yoruba people manifested their power through the large, complex palaces in which they lived
  - In the typical palace the principal rooms opened into a veranda with elaborately carved posts fronting a courtyard
  - Highly descriptive figure carving covered doors
    - 25-13 Olowe of Ise. Door from Royal Palace in Ikere, Nigeria
      
      Yourba Culture
      Wood, pigment
      Asymmetrical composition combines narrative and symbolic scenes in horizontal rectangular panels
      Tall figures carved in profile end in heads facing out to confront the viewer
      Long necks and elaborate hairstyles make them appear taller
      Figures are in such high relief that the upper portions are carved in the round
    Olowe worked from early 1900s until his death in 1938
- Not all of African people centralized power in a single ruler
  - Most of SE Nigeria depended on a council
  - Anang Ibibio people of Nigeria were ruled by a man's society called Ekpo
    - Expressed power in part through art
      - Especially large, cark, frightening masks
        25-14 Ekpo Mask
        
        Nirergia, Anang Ibibio Culture
        Wood
        Given repulsive qualities
        Swollen features, matte black skin, eneven teeth
        Skulls at top are images of death
        Scar on forehead symbolizes the membership in the diviner's cult
      - In rituals it is the mask not the person committing the actions
      - Worn when a person is punishing another (executions)

Death and Ancestors

Africans believe that death is not the end, but a transition from one phase of life to another
Mark the initiation of the newly dead into the community of the spirits
- Death begins with separation from the community
- A period of isolation and trial follows
- Then reintegrated into a community
Dogon people of Mali-Collective funeral rite with masks is held every 12-13 years (called dama)
- Masks perform to the sound of gunfire to drive the soul of the dead from the village
  - 25-15 Kanaga Mask
    
    Mali, Dogon Culture
    Wood
    Most common
    Rectangular face supports a superstructure of planks that depict a woman, bird, or lizard with splayed
    Legs
- For a deceased man, men from the community engage in a mock battle on the roof of his home are participate in ritual hunts
- For a woman, the women of the village small her cooking vessels on the threshold of her home
- Portions of dama are reminders of human activities the dead will no longer do
Fang people near the Atlantic coast follow an ancestral religion in which the long bones and skulls of ancestors who have performed great deeds are collected and placed together in a cylindrical container called nsekh o byeri
- Deed honored include killing an elephant, being the first the trade with the Europeans, have a lot of kids, or founding a particular lineage of the community
- On the top of the container was a wooden figure called nlo byeri, which represent the ancestors and guards their relics from malevolent spirit forces
  - Carved in naturalistic style with carefully arranged hairstyle with fully rounded torso, heavily muscled legs and arms
  - Frequent applications of cleansing and purifying palm oil
  - Strong symmetry of the statue is notable
  - Layout Fang Village is also symmetrical with pairs of houses facing each other across a large public meeting house
    - 25-16 Reliquary Guardian (nlo byeri)
      
      Gabon, Fang Culture
      Wood
      Carved in naturalistic style with carefully arranged hairstyle
      Fully rounded torso, heavily muscled legs and arms
      Frequent applications of cleansing and purifying palm oil
- Culture emphasizes the necessity of imposing order on a disorderly world
- Strived to achieve balance between the opposing forces of chaos and older, male and female, pure and impure, ect.
- Value an attitude of quiet composure, of reflection, and tranquility
  - Embodied in the powerful symmetry
The most complex funerary art in Africa are the memorial ancestral screens made by the Ijo people of SE Nigeria
- Groups of Ijo men organized themselves into economic associations called canoe houses, and the head of canoe houses had much power and authority in the community
- When the head of the house died a screen was made in his memory
  - Made of pieces of wood and cane that were joined, nailed, bounds, and pegged together
  - Each screen commemorates a specific individual the central figure was not intended as a physical likeness
    - Identity communicated through attributes of status that the deceased had the right to wear
      - 25-17 Ancestral Screen (duen fobara)
        
        Abonnema village, Nigeria. Ijo culture
        "Foreheads of the dead"
        Made of pieces of wood and cane that were joined, nailed, bounds, and pegged together
        Wears a hat the shows that he is a member of an important men's society called Peri
        Flanked by assistants, followers, or supporters of the canoe house
        Originally held weapons
  - Screens were placed in the ancestral altars of the canoe house

Contemporary Art

As new experiences pose new challenges or offer new opportunities, art change with them
- Adaption of modern materials to traditional forms
- Others have made use of European textiles, plastics, metals, ect. to enhance their art
- Some Yourba have used photos and bright colored plastic children's dolls in place of traditional ere ibeji
- Guro people continue to commission masks dressed with costly textiles and other materials
  - Now they paint them with oil based enamel paints, endowing the traditional form with new range of brilliance of color
  - Added inscriptions in French and depictions of contemporary figures to sculptural forms
    - 25-18 Spirit Mask in Performance
      
      Cote d'lvoire, Guro culture
      Polychrome wood
African artists study art in Europe and the US
- Ouattara:
  - Born in Cote d'lvoire
  - Received French and traditional African schooling
    - 25-19 Ouattara. Nok Culture
      
      Acylic and mixed mediums on mood
      Dense with allusions to Africa's artistic and spiritual heritage
      Name refers to a culture that thrived in Nigeria and whose naturalistic use of terra-cotta sculpture are
      the earliest known figurative art from Sub-Sahara
      Thickly applied paint has built up a surface reminiscent of the painted adobe walls
      Conical horns at the upper corners evoke the ancestral shrines common in rural communities
      Motif of concentric circles at the center looks like the traditional bull-roarer sound maker
Ceramics have also caught the international attention
- Traditionally made by women
- Allowed women from traditional communities to attain a measure of economic independence
- Women do not usually share their pottery income with their husband but keep it for food for themselves and their children
- Some women have achieved broader recognition as artists
  - Magdalene Odundo
    - Work displays the flawless surfaces of traditional Kenyan pottery
    - Forms her pots using the same coiling technique as her Kenyan ancestors
    - Draws inspiration from a tremendous variety of coursed
      - African and non-African
        Magdalene Odundo. Asymmetrical Angled Piece
        
        Reduced red clay
        Asymmetrical
        Flawless surface like traditional Kenyan pottery

AP Literature - Cute Little LotF Game Thing

2008-03-23T17:44:00.000-07:00

So, I found that Nobel Prize site again, it has a short flash game for Lord of the Flies:
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/literature/golding/

Practice your knowledge of Lord of the Flies! :D
And if you didn't read it, the game's dead easy anyway, so just keep clicking stuff 'til something happens.
The site has some handy info like the meaning behind some of the boys' names (which are pretty appropriate; Roger's is actually a bit of a foreshadowing), and what symbols like the conch or the glasses represent.

Also, I found another nifty site while searching: http://www.bookrags.com/notes/lof/TOP3.htm
It has summaries of what happens in each chapter, tracks the important symbols/themes ("pig", "intellect", etc.), has a list of objects/places, and even details the main characters! Yay!

Art History-Vocab-Art History

2008-03-14T06:19:00.001-07:00

Picture plane:

Ex: The last Supper by Leonardo

Chiaroscuro: Italian for "light dark"; figures w/ strongly contrasted light and shadow

Ex: Virgin and Saint Anne w/ the Christ Child and the Young John the Baptist by Leonardo

Cartoon: full-scale model

Ex: Virgin and Saint Anne w/ the Christ Child and the Young John the Baptist by Leonardo

Sfumato: a thin, lightly tinted varnish resulting in a smoky overall haze

Ex: Mona Lisa by Leonardo

Stanza: room in the papal office

Ex: Disputa by Raphael

Disputa: depicting the dispute over the true presence of Christ in the Communion bread

Ex: Disputa by Raphael; one of the four branches of knowledge

Pieta: works in which the Virgin supports and morns the dead Jesus

Ex: Pieta by Michelangelo

Cornice: uppermost section of a classical entablature

Ex: Sistine Chapel; ceiling

Putti: nude little boys

Ex: Sistine Chapel; used to decorate the short pilasters

Ignudi: nude young men

Ex: Sistine Chapel; theyre seated on the cornice projections

Motif: a repeated figure in a design

Ex: Sistine Chapel ceiling such as the bucranium of each spandrel-triangle

Nonfinite: unfinished

Ex: Pieta (a.k.a. Rondanini) by Michelangelo

Drum: wall that supports a dome

Ex: Chuch of San Pietro in Montorio

Cardinals: a senior ecclesiastical official, usually a bishop, of the Roman Catholic Church

Ex: Leo X w/ Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael

Atrium: a walled fore-court

Ex: Old Saint Peter's Basilica; 4th century

Cartouche: frame for a hieroglyphic inscription formed b a rope design surrounding an oval space

Ex: Four Apostles by Albrecht Durer

Quoins: Stone, often large or decorated for emphasis, forming the corner of two walls ex: Palazzo Farnese, Rome ,

by Sangallo the younger and Michelangelo

Tempera: A painting medium made by mixing egg yolks, water, and pigments and some other materials like glue. It

was used for panel paintings and murals. Ex: "The Last Supper" by Leonardo Da Vinci

Pastoral: Set in the country side. Ex: "The Pastoral Concert" by Titian and Giorgione

Reformation: Returning to the early church. Began when Martin Luther split from the Catholic Church. Many

artworks were destroyed because they were considered icons

Hemicycles: Semicircular structures Ex: On Saint Peters Basilica

Blind window: Windows with no openings. Ex: Saint Peters Basilica

Colossal order: any order built on a large scale. Ex; Saint Peters Basilica

Mannerism: Extraordinary virtuosity, sophisticated, elegant compositions, and fearless manipulations or

distortions of accepted formal conventions. Ex: "Portrait of a Young Man" by Bronzino.

Chateaux: A French country house or castle or elegant rural palaces ex: Chateau of Fontaibloleau

Cycles: Series of Paintings on a single allegorical subject. Ex: "Return of the Hunters" by Brugel

Caduceus: The symbolic staff with two entwined snakes. Ex: "George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland " by Nicholas

Hilliard

Holy Roman Empire : The greatest power in Europe . Cities and territories in Central Europe acknowledged the

overlordship of the Holy Roman Empire . In 1519 Charles V added Spain , the Netherlands , and territories in the Americas to the Empire

Papal States :

Branacci Chapel: Florence , it was originally dedicated to Saint Peter so the paintings in the interior illustrates his

life. Masaccio's style in the frescoes influenced many Renaissance artists like Michelangelo.

Carrara : The place where Michelangelo would hand pick the marble from the quarries; David was made out of this

Marble.

Sistine Chapel: Vatican Rome . Builder was Pope Sixtus IV for who it was named after. The ceiling was painted by Michelangelo with scenes from the Old Testament like "the Creation of Adam"

Vatican: Smallest country where the pope resides

Venice: City in Northern Italy

Julius II: Patron of the Sisten Chapel, employed Raphael

Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor in 1519: Added Spain, the Netherlands, and the vast lands of America to his realm

Clement VII: Medici, clashed with Charles V, caused the Sack of Rome because of their rivalry

Giorgio Vasari: Wrote the 1st Art History book

Duke Ludovico Sforza: Patron of the Last Supper, ruled Milan, imprisoned and then killed in 1508

Leo X: Julius II's successor, continued to employ Raphael,

Savonarola: Friar who entranced Michelangelo, executed for heresy in 1498

Vitruvius: Wrote the book about architecture and art. Inspired Bramante

Gonzaga: Continued family tradition of art patronage, hired Romano to build a pleasure palace for him

St. Sebastian and Abbott: Saints associated with the plague (Isenheim Alterpiece)

Martin Luther: Nailed the 95 thesis onto the church doors, calling for church reform, first to deny the rights of the

church, Lutheran religion named for him. He was condemned in 1521

Ignatius Loyola: Founded Society of Jesus, a new religious order

Francis I: Greatest French patron of artists, as soon as he got the throne he showed interest in modifying the court

through the talents of DaVinci

Phillip II: Only son of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, became King of Spain, serious art collector

Art History-Chap 18-Images-COMPLETE

2008-03-14T06:18:00.001-07:00

18-49 Michelangelo. Pietá (Known as the Rondanini Pietá)

- 1555-64; Marble, height 5'3 3/8"; Castello Sforzesco, Milan

- Seems like she is carrying Jesus to heaven

- Was made at the end of Michelangelo's life, the stone was difficult to shape. It is and example of Michelangelo's nonfinito creations

- Names for the current owner

- Lost the Renaissance ideals of perfection to show the tension of Europe during that time

18-48 Michelangelo, Last Judgment

- Detail of fresco in the Sistine Chapel; 1536-41

- First major commission of Pope Paul III

- From the left the dead are rising out of their graves and going into a vortex around Christ, who is raising his hand in justice

- On the right the rejected souls are being rejected and trusted towards hell

- At Christ's felt Saint Bartholomew, who was martyred by being skinned alive, is holding out his skin

- Different from earlier pieces in that they were neat and orderly and a definition between the saved and the damned. Mary has also changed in that her size has decrease and no longer enthroned beside Christ

- At the bottom right is Charon the ferry man at the entrance of hell

- Conservative clergy criticized the nudity of the piece and after Michelangelo's death added drapery on the figures.

18-72 Hieronymus Bosch. Garden of Earthly Delights

- c. 1505-15. Oil on wood panel, center panel 7'2 ½" x 6'4 ¾", each wing 7'2 ½" x 3'2"

- Commissioned by an aristocrat for Brussels town house

- There is only a hell and not a heaven, this shows that all earthly pleasures would lead to damnation, the people are bound to pursue the pleasure of the flesh; gluttony, lust, and sloth

- On the left are Adam and Eve brought by Christ and watched be the owl of perverted wisdom (the owl is shown repeatedly. He symbolizes wisdom and folly, from the northerners who believed in the power of wisdom

- In the central panel (earth) there are monstrous birds and fruits symbolizing fertility and sexual abandon

- The Pleasures in the center panel are turned into torture on the right panel

18-74 Pieter Brugel the Elder. Carrying of the cross

- 1564 Oil on wood panel, 4' ¾" x 5'7"

- The four larger figures, Saint John and the 3 Mary's, seem to be the primary subjects but they are secondary to Jesus in the center carrying the crass to Golgotha

- The piece is meant so that the viewer has to search through everything that is going on for the subject. This is pretty achieved by patches of red made by the soldier's coats

- On the hill in the distance captured by light in the dark sky people are gathering around the place where Jesus will be crucified, they surround is if to get a good spot

- The windmill on the exaggerated rock shows the Italian Mannerism

18-75 Pieter Brugel the Elder. Return of the Hunters

- 1565. Oil on wood panel, 3'10 1/2" x 5'3 ¾"

- Part of a cycle of six panels that represent the twelve months, each representing to shown here is the November-December scene

- Captures the cold damp atmosphere in the early night fall

- There is a sharp change near to far, shows the Mannerist style

- The view is slightly from above looking down on the hunters returning followed by the dogs then onto the town covered with snow and the frozen ponds

- On the side by the inn, workers are preparing to slaughter a pig

18-76 Hans Holbein the Younger. Henry VIII

- 1540, Oil on wood panel, 32 ½ x 29 ½"

- The artist used the kings size to his advantage and added jewelry, embroidered cloth and fur, the king is preparing for the marriage to his fourth wife Anne of Cleves, April5, 1540

- The king was 49 as said on the dark green background; it is based on an earlier prototype of the king's features.

- It is done to outdo Francis I; it imitates the French styles and the French King's beard. The king is shown in the latest style with a puffy sleeve coat of heavy brocade trimmed in dark fur, a narrow and stiff collar that fastens on the front and a doublet with gemstones and a gold braid

18.59 Feast in the House of Levi, from the refectory of the Dominican Monastery of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice. Veronese

-1573; oil on canvas, 18'3'' by 42'

-enormous loggia framed by a colossal triumphal arches and reached by balustraded stairs symbolizes Levi's house

-imaginary city in white marble

-includes anecdotal vignette: parrots, monkeys, and Germans

18.60 The Last Supper. Tintoretto "Little Dyer"

-1593-94; oil on canvas; 12' by 18'8

-Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice

-view is from a corner w/ a vanishing point on a high horizon line at the far right side

-table, coffered ceiling, and inlaid floor all plunge dramatically into the distance

-two light sources: one real (the oil lamp), the other supernatural (Jesus glowing)

-reflects both Byzantine art of Venice and the Mannerist aesthetic

-interpretation is about the institution of the Eucharist

18.61 Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice

-1565-80; campanile 1791

-a wide lower level fronting the nave and side aisles surmounted by a narrower front for the nave clerestory

-inspired by Alberti's solution for Sant' Andrea in Mantua; created the illusion of two temple fronts of different heights and widths

-Palladio retained Alberti's motif of the triumphal-arch entrance

18.63 Villa Rotunda (Villa Capra), Vicenza. Palladio

-Italy; 1560s

-designed as a retreat for relaxation; a party house

-ionic order porch

-main living quarters are on the second level (like Europeans palace architecture), and lower level is reserved for the kitchen, storage, and other utility rooms

-inspired by the Roman Pantheon

-later became known as the Villa Capra because the Capra family purchased it in 1591

-central plan

18.65 Francis I. Jean Clouet

-1525-30; oil and tempera on wood panel

-softened his features but did not completely idealize them

-thick neck w/ silk, satin, velvet, jewels, and gold embroidery

-sketched the subject then painted the prototype

-clothing and jewels could be painted separately; lent to the artists by the subjects, they were sometimes modeled by a servant

18.70 Burial of Count Orgaz. El Greco

-1586; oil on canvas; 16' by 11'10''; Church of Santo Tome, Toledo, Spain

-Orgaz family commissioned El Greco

-Augustine and Stephen lower Count Orgaz into his tomb; his soul ascend into heaven

-group portrait of the local aristocracy and religious notables

-El Greco's 8 year old son is at the lower left next to Saint Stephen

-put some of his own features on the man above the saint's head; the only one looking straight out at the viewer

Pieta: Titian; 1570-76

Oil on canvas
Painted for his own tomb, not finished (he died)
Virgin mourns her son in front of an arch niche
Painted with freedom and confidence
Figures emerge from the darkness, forms are defined by sweeping brush strokes

Entombment: Pontormo; 1525-28
Oil on wood
Virgin accepts angel's message, but also has a vision of her future sorrow as she sees her son's body being lowered from the cross
Ambiguous composition enhances the visionary of the painting
Rocky ground and cloudy sky give little sense of location
Some figures press into viewers space, while others levitate
Emotional atmosphere is expressed in the odd poses, drastic shifts in scale, and use of secondary color

Madonna with the Long Neck: Parmigiano; 1535
Oil on wood panal
Virgin is elongated, her large legs and lower torso contrasts with her narrow shoulders and long neck
Neck echoes the column to the right
Compares female body to the forms of classical pottery

Portrait of a Young Man: Bronzino; 1540-45
Shows artist's characteristic portrayal of his subjects as intelligent, aloof, elegant, and self-assured
Toys with a book shows his scholarly interests
Walleyed stare creates an unsettling effect and seems to associate portiat with the masks surrounding him

Saltcellar of Francis I: Benvenuto Cellini; 1539-43
Gold with enamel
Table accessory
Roman sea god, Neptune, sits next to a tiny boat-shaped container (hold salt) while the personifacation of the earth guards the pepper in the triumphant arch
Poses mirror each other

Noli Me Tangere: Lavina Fontana; 1581
Biblical story of Chirst revealing himself before his assertion with Mary Magdalen
Means "don't touch me"
Oil on canvas
Christ's costume refers to the passage in the Gospel of John when Mary first mistook Jesus for a gardener

Government -Chap 5-Module 3

2008-03-07T10:25:00.000-08:00

The Electoral College
-Deciding how the president would be elected caused a lot of debate:
-Information was too hard to disseminate to the entire country
-Did not want congress to directly elect the president
-Believedelections held in each state assembly would just result in nominating a "favorite son"
-All led to electoral college
-Constitution says that a group of representatives, electors, from each sates and the District of Columbie shall assemble every fours years for presidential election
-Number of electors is electors is equal to the number of congressman for each state
-Supposed to vote according to the will of their constituents
-Constitution originally required each electors to vote for two separate candidates
-The highest one would be president the second place winner would be VP
-12th ammendment in 1804 changed this
-All but two states have a winner-take-all system
-Main and Nebraska split their votes based on the candidates statewide performance
-Electors meet six weeks after the popular vote to vote
-There are a total of 538 votes
-If no candidate gets 270, the House determines the winner
-Has happened only two: 1800 and 1824
2000 Election:
-Al Gore won popular vote, but Bush got the electoral vote
-Criticism of Electoral College:
-Large states have more influence
-Small states feel ignored
-States that have a dominent political party have greater power
-Benifits:
-Easy to find a winner
-Recounts are rare
-Maintains a two-party system
-Popular Vote:
-Many candidates
-The winner would be unlikely to receive more than half all votes
-The president would hardly be one that could clam his election was a "mandate" from the people

________________________________

Primaries, Caucuses, an the Conventions

Process is done through primary election:

Most common:

Three types:

Open: Voters can cast ballots for a candidate from any political party

Closed: Voters may only vote for candidates representing the political party with which the voter is registered

Blanket: Candidates from both parties are listed on the same ballot

Caucuses:

Selected members of a political party represent the voters will

Only 12 states use
Corrupt wrought by political machines stopped

Primaries and Caucuses:

Iowa Caucus/New Hampshire Primary:

Held in late January or early Feb.
Those who do well will gain momentum and get a boost in support
Critics believe that the two states hold too much power the elections
Elections suffer because many candidates withdrawn after doing poorly at these elections

Super Tuesday:

Second Tuesday in March
Clear favorite in front
Trailing candidates will usually withdraw
Critics:

Early timing: Extends the length of the campaign forcing candidates to need more money
Voters lose interest with the extended election time
Voters will their vote is worthless because those voting at the end will already have a single candidate singled out

National conventions:

Held for two reasons:

Party platform: Set of directions, values, and tenets the party believes in, and intends to promote during the remainder of th campaign

Create unity
Establish agenda

Candidate selection:

Official nomination of party's presidential and vice presidential candidates:

Vote taken among delegates, which cast a vote for the candidate selected in the states primary of caucus
If the vote does not get a winner a second vote is taken in which the delegates can vote for who ever they want
A mere formality

-------------------------------------------------

General Elections:

After convention the candidates are ready to go
Tuesday after the first Monday in November
Debates, maneuvering, posturing, and posing takes place
Most elections feature an incumbent against the challenger
Incumbents Presidents:

Advantages:

Free press coverage
Acting presidential at national and international conferences and meeting to present themselves as confident and capable
The can improve image through crisis management
Credit claiming, when they get credit for positive events they may or may not have influenced

Disadvantage:

Blame for economy
Endure policy criticism
Approval rating decreases over term of office

Challengers:

Advantage:

Able to attack the presidents policy record

Promote their own political record

Momentum from primaries and caucuses hat can fuel a challenger's surge in polls

Extensive media exposure in the true primary

Claim of being Washington outsider to get the trust of those who don't trust the government

Carter and Clinton

Disadvantage:

Difficult to raise money for campaign because people are less willing to sponsor an uncertain campaign
Have not been able to prove they can succeed at a national and international level
Regionalism: Identified with where they come from
Third party candidates

---------------------------------------------

TERMS TO KNOW:
Horserace reporting: Practice that occurs in the media where candidates must finish in the top three of the primary to continue to receive media attention

Government -Chap 5-Module 2

2008-03-07T10:02:00.000-08:00

Incumbancy
-Congressmen not considered a career early on
-Now highly sought after
-80-90% of house elections are won by incumbents -usually succeed
-Sophmore Surge: Candidates with modereate success during first term can win 8-10% more votes
-More prevelant in house than senate
-Senates: More obstacles
-Less individual time with voters
-Instituants spread thourgh whole state rather than just a district
-Better chance:
-Voters think they will be reelected and vote for them anyways
-97-98: PAC: Donated 158.3 million donations to incumbants and 21.4 new runners
-Free publicity:
-Press conferences
-Congressional speeches
-Introduction of bills
-Junkets intheir home districts
-Free postage:
-Point acheivements
-Stress policy making records
-Highlight any porj-barrel legislation brought into district
-Pace work: directly helping people
-All candidates must focus their energy on motivated voters: Only 37% of people vote during non-predential yeat elections

_______________________________

House and Senate Elections:
-535 people in house and senates
-435 people are in the house
-1929: number reached 435 and it was decided to keep that number
-The number of electors per states is determined by the population porpotions
-it is determined every 4 years
-Must live in distrcit they will represent:
-Must meet constituants: Gender, ethnicity, party identification, policatl experience qualifications
-How they meet these states determines how well they match representing the district
-Marginal districs:
-Winner typically wins less than 55% of the vote
-Safe distrcits:
-Winner gains more than 55% of the vote
-Number of reps. not regulated by the constitution, the senate is:
-Senate:
-Every 2 years 1/3 of the seat go up for election
-Campaigns cost 5-7milion dollars
-Everytime a seat opens there is crazy compitition for the seat
-Which every party has the most reps. in the congress controls it

Government-Chap5-Module1-

2008-03-05T12:19:00.000-08:00

Cost of Elections:

Rare for an individual to run successfully by merely collecting signatures and placing his or her name on ballot
Must be able to spend money to really run
Election costs continually increase due to the amount of time and effort needed for a successful campaign

Result in a need for greater fund raising
Need ample funding because candidates must build a campaign organization as ell as create campaign exposure
Other costs include legal and accounting fees and interest on loans taken out
Create Exposure:

Travel to meet with voters and interest groups and create materials such as signs, fliers, letters, and media advertisements

Little evidence that tv ads actually work
Increasing exposure allows name familiarity, which translates to a better chance of being elected
Work to receive publicity by making newsworthy appearances in their community

No apparent correlation between the amount of money spent and election

In presidential the big spender does not always win
Congressional elections: amount of money spent can increase chances of election

Employ a variety of fund raising tactics to finance their campaigns

Direct mail: Works if targeted at people with views similar to the candidates
Hold dinners, speeches, or rallies
Seek financial aid from interest groups and Political Action Committees

Interest group: organization of individuals with similar policy goals who enter the political process to influence legislation that affects the organization's interest

Two types:

Institutional Interest Groups: Organization represented in Washington by another individual or organization
Membership interest group: Organization that represents a specific group of people

Fund campaigns, provide testimony for campaigns, and recruit members to volunteer for candidates (electioneering)

Have become Political Action Committees

Purpose is to raise and distribute funds to advocate the political goals of its members
Public has a negative view of PACs and interest groups
Many feel that they are buying votes

PACs say that they are gaining access to the system to achieve a voice in public policy

Campaign Finance Reform:

Enacted campaign finance reform due to criticism directed toward interest groups

Passed in 1971, 1974, and 1976
Limited PACs to only donating $5,000 to candidates
Soft money: Given to parties for general use (McCain-Feingold Act)
Buckley v. Valeo: Set precedent regarding PACs

According the the first amendment PACs have the right to spend money indirectly to support a candidate

Federal Election Commission: Independant agency of the executive branch.

Made of 6 members
requires time disclosure of campaign finance date, paces limits on campaign contributions and campaign expenditures, and provides public funding
Mandates that contribution f more than $5,000 must be reported within 48 hours of its receipt
gives public funds to presidential campaigns

Candidate may not spend more than the subsidy and may not accept campaign funds from any other source
A minor party candidate: To be eligible the party must be listed on the ballot and poll at least 5% on the voes on the last election

TERMS TO KNOW:
Campaign Finance Reform: The political effort to change the involvement of money in politics, primarily in political campaigns.
Electioneering:Direct interest group involvement in the electoral process. Political Action Committees (PACs) participate in electioneering by helping to fund campaigns, providing testimony, and recruiting members to volunteer for candidates.
Federal Election Commission:A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974. The FEC administers campaign finance laws, enforces compliance with their requirements, and provides public funding for several parts of the presidential election process.
Fund raising Tactics: Strategies that political contenders use to raise money for their campaigns. Direct mail, rallies, and seeking financial aid from interst groups are examples of fundraising tactics
Institutional Interest Group: An organization represented in Washington by another individual or organization. For example, the Ford Motor Company, the National League of Cities, and the U.S. Conference of Mayors have representation in Washington lobbying for benefit of their organizations.
Interest Group:An organization of individuals with similar policy goals who enter the political process to influence legislation that affects the organization’s interests.
Membership Interest Group: An organization that represents a specific group of people. For example, the American Association for Retired Persons (AARP) lobbies for individuals over age 65.
Political Action Committees:
When a corporation, union, or some other interest group becomes directly involved in the electoral process by funding campaigns, providing testimony for campaigns, and recruiting members to volunteer for particular candidates, called electioneering, they become a Political Action Committee (PAC). The main purpose of a PAC is to raise and distribute funds to advocate the political goals of its members.
Publicity: Free news coverage that political candidates try to gain by making newsworthy appearances in their community in order to create exposure for their campaigns.
Soft Money: Political contributions earmarked for party-building expenses at the grass-roots level (buttons, pamphlets, yard signs, etc.). Soft money is sometimes used to advance a particular political campaign in such a manner as to skirt the legal limits on how much money individuals or organizations are allowed to contribute to political campaigns. Unlike money that goes to the campaign of a particular candidate, such party donations are not subject to contribution limits.

AP Government-Chap. 5-Key Terms

2008-03-02T16:25:00.000-08:00

The key terms on the quiz for Chap. 5:

Chap. 5 Key Terms

Keeping a list of key historical terms for each chapter will provide you
with a good review tool for exams. A few key terms from this chapter have
been provided for you here, and you should identify other key terms from
the chapter that are important. For each term, note the definition as well
as the term's historical significance.

* Olson's law of large groups
* Public interest
* Collective good
* Right-to-work law
* Retrospective voting
* Civic duty
* Mandate theory of elections
* Subgovernments
* Initiative
* Class action lawsuits

AP Government-Chap. 4-Writing Assignment

2008-03-02T16:24:00.000-08:00

Here's the prompt for the Chap. 4 FRQ:

Answer the following question in a short essay. You should take approximately 25 minutes to write this essay
and it should be approximately 1-2 pages in length. Be sure to be specific
using terms and vocabulary from the Chapter. Also be sure to use specific
examples that are relevant to the question. Click on the View/Complete link
below to submit this assignment.

Question:

As more Americans identify themselves as Independents and a dealignment
is taking place away from the major parties, the 3rd parties take on new
significance.

a) List and describe two advantages that 3rd parties offer to voters in
the United States.

b) List and describe two disadvantages that 3rd parties create for the
political system.

Good luck as always!

Government-Chap4-Module3-

2008-02-28T21:37:00.001-08:00

Demographics:

Study of the characteristics of the human population: Demography
- Shows what motivates various groups to become active on certain issues and why some groups are more likely to show up on election day
- Categories:
  - Age: Under 25 -Low turn out rate
  - Gender: Men once dominant, but with women voting rights this is changing
  - Race: More white people vote than any other to vote
  - Education: Highly educated are more likely to participate in politics; high school drop outs show the lowest records
  - Income Level: Higher level are more active, blue collar works participate more than white collar or unemployed workers
Intensity:
Chances of voting: Voter Intensity:
- Higher:
  - Strong feelings about voting
  - Person stake
  - Interest in hot issue
  - Feel connected to political system
- Lower:
  - Vote make a difference
  - Not compelled
  - No interest
  - No knowledge of candidates or issues
- Related to Political Efficacy:
  - Internal:
    - Refers to how well people understand the system or get involved or stand on the political sidelines
    - People who have strong understand of issues and candidates
  - External:
    - Whether people believe if their efforts have a difference
    - If they think they can make a difference they have High External Efficacy
- Issue Saliency:
  - Whether they believe issues make a difference in their lives
- Consensus: Large amount of voters have the same opinion on topic; causes people to become apathetic and do not think their vote will make a difference
- Polarization: Highly divided nation causes people to become more opinionated and will become more active to make sure that their vote and thoughts are heard

Government-Chap 4-Module 2

2008-02-27T12:56:00.000-08:00

Part 1:

Functions of Parties in America:

Political party: Group of people who try to influence the government by getting their candidate elected

Repub. and Demo. have dominated

They are distinguished by their political ideologies

Four functions:

Crate a rally point for diverse groups that share economical, social, or political concerns
Simplify the voting process for the electorate:

Limit the number of those who can run by sponsoring only the ones they think best suited

Generate excitement about an election:

Organize rallies, parades, conventions, ect. to get a voters attentions.

Originizing the government:

State and federal legislatures are centered on the parties due to the fact that they had to become affiliated with the parties to become elected
Some affiliations have led to partnerships, which mean the office holder will base their decisions on the parties interest

Accountability: People hold their political parties responsible for making sure officeholders fulfill promises

Part 2:

Organization of Parties:

Organized like the federal government

Has offices at the national, state and local levels
National Committee:

Haded by national chairperson
Guides party between elections and promotes the party throughout states
Organizes the party's national convention:

Meets during election years to formalize the nomination of a presidential candidate

Maintains influence at the national level through congressional campaign committees and the party members in office

State Committee:

Does many of the same things as the national committee
Solidifies party. finds new candidates, and raises campaign funds
State committees become very active during election years
They host fund raisers and circulate literature about issues and party agenda
Help orginize primary elections
Between the election years, they disappear and become concerned with state and national legislatures
They act as special interest groups and lobbyists

Local Committees:

Centered on state districts or precincts
Have a chair person ho works towards getting people to vote by sponsoring registration drives, recruiting new people, and finding local candidates

Some committees became political machines during the 1800s and into the 1900s

Dominated party activities at their respective levels
Demo. were successful in recruiting immigrants by helping them to get established upon entering the country
Using these modes of operations, the parties functioned largely as welfare organization, they controlled elections though corrupt means
Political machines still exist today, thought not at the same level
The corruption has disappeared thanks to voter registration requirements and competitive bidding laws

Within the Party:

Many people are rank-and-fill members: only purpose is to vote
Political regulars: those who take an active role in politics such as working at the polls, taking non-leadership party roles, contributing money, and voting among party lines.

Tend to compromise on issues and are concerned with winning the election

Party Activists: Deeply concerned about party functions and become highly involved in the electoral process

Donates funds, demand a voice in the agendas, and have a strong belief in their part's ideology

Party Purists: tend to be ideologues

Put issues ahead of winning elections and withhold support from candidates who do not share their stance on issue

TERMS TO KNOW:
Ideologue: Individual with strong philosophical or ideological leanings. Generally unwilling to budge to compromise or work with others with differing views.
Local Committee: A committee within a political party, it is centered on state districts or precincts. These committees have a chairperson and work toward getting people to vote by sponsoring registration drives, recruiting new party members, and finding local candidates.
National Chairperson: One of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions. The national chairperson is responsible for the day-to-day activities of the party and is usually hand-picked by the presidential nominee.
State Committees: Committees within a political party that work to solidify the party, find new candidates for state office, and raise campaign funds. Every state has its own party committees, and the chairpersons of the state committees typically act on behalf of people already in office, such as senators or governors.
Rank-and-Fill: Political party members whose main participation in politics is usually voting in primary and general elections. These members tend to vote straight party tickets in elections and follow the leads of local party officials.
Primary Elections: Election held to select the candidates for an upcoming general election.
Political Machines: A type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern.
Political Ideology: A coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose. It helps give meaning to political events, personalities, and policies.
Party Regulars: Political party members who typically work at polls, take lesser party roles, contribute money to campaigns, and vote along party lines. These members tend to compromise on important issues, and they are mostly concerned with winning elections.
Party Purists: Political party members with the highest level of political involvement. These members put issues ahead of winning elections, withhold support from candidates who do not share their stance on issues, and are usually very active in special interest groups. If purists feel like a party ignores their concerns, they often break away and form a third party.
Party Activists: Political party members who are deeply concerned about party functions and highly involved in the electoral process. These members donate funds, demand a voice in party agendas, and have a strong belief in their party’s ideology.
Partnerships: Strong party affiliations that result in officeholders basing their decisions on the party’s interests.
National Convention:The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party’s platform.
National Committee: One of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions. The national committee is composed of representatives from the states and territories.

Government-Chap 4-Module 1

2008-02-26T10:02:00.000-08:00

Part 1:

Political Party Eras

Different political parties

The first political parties:

Democratic-Republican:

Create by Jefferson
Congress should dominate the central government
"Equal rights for all, special privileges for none
Got support from agricultural areas
Dominated the government from Jefferson's presidency to the civil war

Federalist:

Create by Hamilton
Strong federal government
Dominated urban areas in the north

Democratic party:

Came from th democratic republican
Jackson was one
No strong central government
National bank
Elitism

Whig:

Led by Webster and Cly
Supported by eastern planters
Defends constitutional federal authority and high protective tariff
Disappeared after a while

Republican:

Lincoln: Marked the start of main power until great depression

Progressive:

1900's
stock market crashes and great depression led to America realigning parties
Strong view on finding depression solutions

Republicans thought to let it fix itself
Reunited the North and South democrats

Led by Roosevelt
Democrats held power until 1968

Now only the Democratic and Republican parties have the main support o the country and government

Part 2:
-Always two parties dominate
~Occasionally a third comes up
~Founded by single issue or extreme ideology or from splintering off main parties
~ The strongest third parties have an innovative platform, new ideas, can get issues that get accepted by the major parties
~Limited by design of electoral college
~everywhere but Kentucky and Maine the candidate with popular vote gets all electoral votes
~Requires cash to funding
Eligibility for Federal Subsidies:
~Party has to be on ballot
~5% of all votes into last election
~Can effect voting by getting votes away from candidates, leaving the road open for others

TERMS TO KNOW

Democratic-Republican party: 1776-1824, members supported legislation that helped the common man and were proponents of strong state governments
Democratic Party: Originated from the Demo-Repub. party. Jackson was an early party leader and changed the name of the party
Federalist Party: 1796-1824; members were wealthy men. Supported a strong central government. Hamilton was a strong supporter
Political party: Anthony Downs "A team of men seeking to control the government apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election
Progressive Party: Formed during the 1900s. Factions of major parties that were opposed to extreme conservatism and concentrated on making America a more democratic society.
Republican Party: Major political party. Formed curing 19503. Original members were former Whigs.
Whig Party: 1828-1856; led by Daniel Webster and Henry lay were leaders. Members were opposed to Jaksonian democracy and dedicated to defending federal authority. Slavery split the party in half
Third Parties: Electoral contenders other than the two major parties. Third parties can influence elections, thought the rarely win

Art History-Chap. 17 vocab

2008-02-25T20:36:00.000-08:00

Martyrium: Round shrine to a martyred saint.
Greek cross plan: A truly central plan church, a dome covered the central part
Composite capitol: A Corinthian column with added ionic volutes
Trompe l'oeil: "fool-the-eye", the use of linear perspective to make things look realistic
Intarsia: Wood inlay
Undercut: To cut under to create shadows and increase the illusion of 3-D
Fresco: Mural painting on wet plaster
Aedicula: a framed niche
Sinopia: sketch made on the wall before painters began to work
Seraphim: angels of the highest rank
Stigmata: The miraculous appearance of Christ's wounds on the saints body.

Government-Chapter 3-PowerPoint Notes

2008-02-24T21:32:00.001-08:00

Government-Chapter 3-PowerPoint Notes

Federalism:
- Constitutional division of power between the national government and state governments
- Power comes from Constitution
- Local government units can make decisions regarding some government activities
Reasons:
- Unitary system was unwanted (Too much like British rule, fears of strong governments)
- Confederate system was unwanted (Too much like the Articles)
- Allows unity, but not uniformity (Differences are a plus)
- More suitable for geographically large nations (Differences are a plus)
- More suitable for heterogeneous people (Differences are a plus)
- More likely to check tyranny
- Frees national government to concentrate on national matters
- Frees states from excessive intrusion on strictly state/local matters
- Encourages experimentation
  - Some states adopting laws, other states may follow
Pluses:
- Keeps government closer to people, more opportunities to participate
- Contributes to government strength, political flexibility, and fosters individual liberty, and the development of leaders
Minuses:
- Block progress on protects powerful local interests
Defining Federalism:

-----	Unitary	Confederate	Federal
Central government	Holds primary authority Regulates activities of states	Limited powers to coordinate state activities	Shares power with states
States Government	Little or no power Duties regulated by central government	Sovereign Allocate some duties to central government	Shares power with central government
Citizens	Vote for central government official	Vote for state government officials	Vote for both state and central government officials

Historical Developments:
- Duel Federalism {Layer cake}
  - State and national governments remained supreme rulers of their own little world
  - They don't share power or policy assignments
  - Narrow interpretation of national government powers
- Cooperative Federalism {Marble Cake}
  - Mingling of responsibilities between state and national government
  - Sharing of powers and policy assignments (sharing is caring)
  - Broad interpretation of national government powers
- New Federalism:
  - Shifting some authority back to states
  - Example: Block grants
    - Unfunded Mandate Reform Act of 1995
  - Supreme Court actions consistent with devolution of authority back to states
  - Evolution towards greater federal control throughout most of the 20th century
Federal Aid and Control
- Conditions of aid:
  - Tell states what they must do for the money
- Mandates:
  - Federal rules that states or localities must obey
Constitutional Basis of Federalism
- National Powers-Delegated
  - Expressed powers - Stated
  - Implied powers -Suggested
  - Inherent powers -Not stated, but upheld
- State Powers-Reserved
  - Amendment 10
    - Examples: Establishing voting requirements, running elections …
- Concurrent Powers-Held by nation and states
  - Granted to congress, but not denied by Constitution or courts to the states
  - Questions are decided by courts
- National supremacy: National government supreme in case of conflict
Increasing National Power
- Gibbons v. Ogden: Court defined commerce broadly to include all "intercourse" between states
- Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US: Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964 using the Commerce Clause
What is Left of State Power:
- Lope Case:
  - Supreme Court limited national government legislative reach in a case involving guns near or in schools
Intergovernmental Relations Today:
- Fiscal Federalism: The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system
  - Cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments
  - Grant System: Distributing the Federal Pie
    - Categorical Grants: Federal grants that can be used for specific purposes
      - Project Grants: Based on merit
      - Formula Grants: Amount varies based on formulas
    - Block Grants: Federal grants given more or less automatically to support broad programs
    - Grants are given to states and local governments
    - The scramble for Federal Dollars:
      - $400 billion in grants given every year
      - Universalism-little for everyone
    - The Mandate Blues:
      - Forces states to comply with federal rules under the threat of penalties or as a condition of receipt of a federal grant

Art History-Chap 17-Images.2

2008-02-24T19:09:00.001-08:00

Nani di Banco, Four Crowned Martyrs

1410-13, marble, 6 feet high
Commissioned by the stone carvers and woodworkers guild
They were 3rd century Christian sculptors executed for refusing to make an image of a Roman god
Architecture resembles a Gothic chapel, but the figures had appearance of Roman sculpture
Stand in a semi-circle with forward feet and drapery protruding past the floor
Appears to be four individual talking to each other
In the reliefs below there are four sculptors at work
- Figures and objects have been undercut to cast shadows
Donatello, Feast of Herod
Panel of baptismal font, from Siena Cathedral
Gilt bronze, 1420's
Figures undercut for shadows and to emphasize mass
Lines of brickwork and other architectural details have been incised
Central axis left empty so the eye is led to the left where John the Baptists'' severed head is being presented

Andrea del Castagno, Last Supper
Fresco in reflectory, Convent of San't Apollonia, France, 1447
32 feet long and 15 feet high
Gives the illusion of a raised alcove where they are eating
Trompe l'oeil effect is aided by a focal point on the head of the sleeping John, lines of architecture converge there

Gentile Bellini. Procession of the Relic of the True Cross Before the Church of Saint Mark
Oil on canvas-1496-Venice
Depicts the procession of relic being carried through Saint Mark's Piazza
Celebrated the daily life of the city in large, lively narratives

Giovanni Bellini. Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saint Francis, John the Baptist, Job, Dominic, Sebastian, and Louis of Toulouse
Oil on wood panel-1478-Church of San Giobbe, Venice
Dramatic perspective view up into a vaulted apse
Vanishing point under the angel's feet
Saint Sebastian is pierced by arrows

Art History-Chap.17 images part 2

2008-02-24T16:50:00.000-08:00

17-22 Hugo ven der Goes. Portinari Altarpiece
-c. 1474-76. Tempera and oil on wood panel.
-Commissioned by Tommaso Portinari, he managed the Medici bank in Bruges
-Made in Flanders and move to Florence, Italy in the Portinari chapel in the Church of Sant'Egidio
-Taommaso, Maria Baroncelli, his wife, and their three oldest children, are pictured in the side panels. Behind them are their patron saints. In the left panel are Tommaso and his son Antonio, and behind them are the name saints, Thomas and Anthony. In the left is Maria and Margherita, behind them are the saints Mary Magdalen and Margaret. On the left side with the males is the younger son who was added later so he has no saint.
-The scene depicted in the middle panel is the nativity with everyone looking in adoration to the newborn baby Jesus. There are shepherds and angels present. Mary dominates the central panel
-It was painted in atmospheric perspective, with the colors in the background more muted

17-25 Unicorn at the Fountain
-from the Hunt of the Unicorn tapestry series, c. 1498-1500. Wool. silk, and metal thread
-The unicorns represented Christ and the woman who captured it represented Mary, it is also represented romantic love.
-On the fountain there is the letters A and E, maybe representin the first and last letters if Anee of Brittany's name or her moto, A ma vie or "by my life"
-It is a rare piece because during the French Revolution the tapestries were burnt to retrieve the precious metals.
-It has rich colors and even shows the animals reflection in the fountain water
-The unicorns horns may represent the narwhale's horn which was the antidote to poison, so the unicorn is purifying the water by dipping his horn into it.

17-28 Jean Fouquet. Etienne Chavalier and Saint Stephen and Virgin and Child
-from the left wing of the Melun Diptych
-c. 1450. Oil on wood panel, an c. 1452. oil on wood panel
-Etienne was the treasure of France under Charles VII, Chavalier is shown praying the the vigin and child. It was made to keep a promise to the kings mistress Agnes Sorel who was probably the model for the Virgin.
-Chevalier is kneelin in prayer with his name saint Stephen. He is wearing a houppelande, the costume s of that time. Saint Stephen was the first Christian Martyr, he was stoned to death and that is why he carries a stone above the Gospel book he is holding.

17-29 Konrad Witz. Miraculous Draft of Fish
-from an altarpiece from the Cathedral of saint Peter, Geneva, Switzerland. 1444, Oil on wood panel
-depicted is a scene from Saint Peter's life, the lake shown is Lake Geneva. The drapery shows the Flemish influence.
Jesus is shown on the Alps in the distance. The water surface reflects the light, boats, figures, buildings and the bottom of the lake. The clouds above the water create a sense of light and dark over the water.

17-32 Antonio del Pollaiuolo. Battle of the Nudes
-C. 1465-70, Engraving
-Shows the study of classical sculpture, anatomical research led to realism, and technical skill
-the naked men are fighting against a tapestry like background made up of foliage.
-the men seem to have been modeled by the same person in different positions
-It shows how the mens muscle under tension

17-77 Giovanni Bellini. Saint Francis in Ecstasy
-1470's Oil and tempera on wood panel
-Shows the command of an almost Flemish realism, Saint Francis stands in communion with nature in the morning sunshine.
-The saint has outspread hand showing the stigmata, or the miraculous appearance of Christ's wounds on the saints body.
-The saint moved to the wilderness in a cave to search for a communion with god.
-The artist unites the Old and New Testaments with resemblance of Christ and Moses, the tree represents the burning bush, the stream represents the spring brought forth by Moses, and grapevine and the Stigmata, Christs sacrifice.

AP Government-Chap 3-Key Terms-

2008-02-23T19:45:00.000-08:00

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) : Defined commerce powers broadly to encompass every form of commercial activity for the government to regulate
Intergovernmental relations : Representatives working in D.C. for certain interest groups or parties
Privileges and immunities clause : "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privilages or immunities of citizens of the United States. " Written by John Bingham
Extradition : The returning of person who commited a crime in another state to that state
Charles Beard : Re-evaluted the founding fatehrs of the United States. Proposed that the Constitution was written to protect the wealthy and had a main goal of economics.
Alexander Hamilton : He created the Federalist party. He had industrial, urban, and financial goals for the United Sates.
James Madison : Wrote "The Federalist Papers" to puch the ratifacation of the Constitution.
Decentralized politics : gives citizens and elected officials more power in public decision making
The Slaughterhouse Cases : Resulted in the ruling that state and national citizenship were not the same thing and privilages and immunities of citizenship of the U.S. were protected, but not for state citizenship
Grants-in-aid : There are four kinds of grants; Categorical, Formula, Project, and Block. The block has the least amount of restrictions while categorical has the mort amount of restrictions on the spending of the grants.

AP Government-Chap 3-Module 2-

2008-02-23T10:58:00.001-08:00

Cooperative Federalism

Government that consisting of multiple layers
Dual Federalism: State, county, and municipal government are separate entities bound by federal government
- Grew until Great Depression
  - Roosevelt created New Deal Legislation to help depression
    - Created Cooperative Federalism:
      - Shared responsibilities and policies
      - Shared costs and programs and administrative roles
    - 14th amendment: shifted presidential toward national supervision of the states
Fiscal Federalism
National government provides grants and funing to states
- Originated from confederation period to fund farmer education
- Now covers public housing, urban development, and school lunches
- Refusing regulations will cause government to take away funding which will hurt sate
- Grants:
  - Categorical:
    - Heavily regulated
  - Formula:
    - Defined rules
  - Project:
    - Creates competition
  - Block:
    - Few restrictions
- Conditions and Aid:
  - Difficult to meet
- Devolution:
  - Concept of scaling back the size and activities of the national government and giving more control over domestic programs to the states
  - Extends to local governments and even to non-profit groups through second or third order devolution
Terms to Know
Black Grants: Given to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services. Relatively few restrictions
Categorical Grants: Federal grants used for specific purposes or areas of state and local spending. Many regulations
Cooperative Federalism: System of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government.
Devolution: Scaling back of the size and activities of the national government
Dual Federalism: A system of government where the national government and state governments have distinct realms of authority that do not overlap
Fiscal Federalism: The model of spending, taxing, and providing, grants in the federal system
Formula Grants: Federal categorical grants distributed according to a defined set of rules specified in legislation or in administrative regulations
14th Amendment: "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States
Marble Cake Federalism: Cooperative federalism, where government share responsibilities
Project grants: Awarded to states for specific purposes and given on the basis of the merits of applications
Revenue-Sharing Program: A form of federal aid in which a pool of federal tax collections is given to the states as "shared money" with no restrictions
Unfunded Mandates: Under-funded legislation pass by Congress.

AP Government - Does the Consititution Really Say That?

2008-02-22T13:02:00.000-08:00

Okay, I once again am really late for this, but just in case someone really needs it, here's the work for the Constitution assignment:

The Constitution of 1787 is represented in the Appendix on page 703 of Government in America textbook, starting with the Preamble. You may also use a pocket Constitution. As you read, ask yourself if the Constitution follows through on the promises advertised in the Preamble. More specifically, see if you can locate the exact language (what Article and what section?) the writers of the Constitution used to express their solutions to such problems as….

1. Representation [exactly who is going to represent the people?]

Article I, Section 2: "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States..."
"Representatives and and direct [Taxes] shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Number..."

Article I, Section 3: "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state [chosen by the Legislature thereof], for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote."

Article II, Section 1: "The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States."
"Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may entitled in Congress, bu tno Senator or Representative...shall be appointed Elector."

2. Slavery

Article I, Section 2: "...according to their respective Number [which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those not bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons]."

Article IV, Section 2: "[No Person held to Service or Labour in one State under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence os any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.]"

3. Making changes to the Constitution in the future

Article V, Section 1 (though technically unnumbered): "The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution..."
"...[the Amendments] shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the severeal States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof..."
"...Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no state, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate."

4. Protecting JUSTICE [avoiding too much democracy]

Article III, Section 1: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish."

Article III, Section 2: "The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases..."

Article IV, Section 4: "The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion, and on Application of Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence."

Article IV, Section 2: "A person charged in any State with Reason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the state having Jurisdiction of the Crime."

5. Protecting LIBERTY [avoiding tyranny]

Article I, Section 3: "The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation."
"Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, trust or Profit under the United States..."

Article I, Section 5: "Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member."

Article II, Section 1: "Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation: -- "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) the I will faithfully execute the Office of the President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Article II, Section 4: "The President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

Article IV, Section 2: "The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in several States."

Article VI, Section 1 (though unnumbered): "The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to Support this Constitution..."
Where in the Constitution is there a reference to: (write the number)

Article Section Clause

1. The age requirement for serving in the House
(Art. I, Sect. 2, Clause 2)
2. The number of Senators from each state.
(Art. I, Sect. 3, Clause 1)
3. To be President, one must be US-born.
(Art. II, Sect. 1, Clause 5)
4. All revenue (tax) bills must originate in the House, not the Senate.
(Art. I, Sect. 7, Clause 1)
5. The intention to promote the General Welfare
(Preamble)
6. To have rights in one state entitles you to rights in all the states.
(Art. IV, Sec. 2, Clause 1)
7. The President serves a four-year term.
(Art. II, Sect. 1, Clause 1)
8. The trial of crimes shall be by jury.
(Art. III, Sect. 2, Clause 3)
9. Congress may not pass ex post facto laws.
(Art. I, Sect. 9, Clause 3)
10. Each states appoints electors.
(Art. II, Sect. 1, Clause 2)
11. The slave trade compromise.
(Art. I, Sect. 2, Clause 3)
12. Who presides over an impeachment trial?
The Senate: (Art. I, Sect. 3, Clause 6)
13. Who has the power to declare war?
Congress: (Art. I, Sect. 8, Clause 11)

In your own words, what does Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 mean?

Congress has the power to make any laws necessary at the time in order to
allow all branches of the government (and anything else that may apply to
either government or the Constitution) to run smoothly. Basically, Congress
can make whatever policy they need when they need it.

AP Government-FRQ-Chap 3

2008-02-22T00:16:00.000-08:00

Well, sorry I came too late for Chap. 2, but here's the FRQ for Chap. 3:

1. Define cooperative federalism as it applies to the United States today.
Discuss ways that the federal government financially links itself to the
states.

2. Select one of the following policy areas and explain why a state may
not wish to accept federal funding to help support that concern.

*
Education
*
Highways
*
Disabled Americans

Good luck!

AP Government-Module-Chap 3-Part 1-

2008-02-21T19:37:00.001-08:00

Defining federalism:

Two or more governments share power over the same constitutes
Keeps government from holding too much power over the people
Anti-feds. Feared a strong national government, and focused on the protection in individual rights
- Felt the constitution was meant to protect the wealthy
- Thought the national gov, should not be focused on economic gain
Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote the federalist papers in response
Dual Federalism: took thing a step further: separated state and national government
- Each layer would maintain its own sphere of government
- Federal government connects layers while keeping them separate
Unitary government:
- Puts all nations power with centralized government
Confederation:
- Weak central government dominated forms stronger state ones
  - UN
Separation of National and State Governments
Gives separate but equal powers to the state and national government
- State has reserved powers
  - "Police Power"
    - Power to tax
    - Borrow Money
    - Define crimes
    - Punish criminals
- National government has delegated powers
  - Enumerated: Outlined in constitution
    - Declare war
    - Regulate foreign and interstate commerce
    - Conduct foreign relations
    - Coin money
    - Maintain a military
  - Implied: Needed to carry out enumerated powers
    - Elastic clause gives the Congress the power to make laws needed to carry out their duties"
  - Inherent: Power considered a national duty of any government
    - Controlling immigration
    - Acquiring new territory
- Supremacy Clause give national government an upper edge
- State governments are given all power the national government doesn't have by the 10th amendment
- Three debates:
  - Implied powers: McCulloch vs. Maryland
  - Commerce powers: Gibbons vs. Ogden; 1824
  - Civil war: Calhoun: Nullification
Terms To Know
Concurrent Powers: Powers shared and exercised jointly under the Constitution by both national and state governments.
Confederation: A way of organizing a nation or group of nations so that the central government is loosely formed and dominated by the stronger state governments
Delegated Powers: The powers granted to the national government by the Constitution
Dual Federalism: A system of government where the national government and state governments have distinct realms of authority that do not overlap
Elastic Clause: Clause in the Constitution that that authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers
Federalism: A way of orginizing a nation so that two or more governments share power over the same constituents
Enumerated Powers: Powers of the federal government that are given directly in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article 1, Section 8
Federalist Papers: Collection of 85 articles written as political theory in defense of the Constitution of the US and federalism
Implied Powers
Inherent Powers: Powers that are not expressly delegated by the Constitution, but held by any national government of a sovereign state
Layer Cake Federalism: Used to describe dual federalism as a system with distinct layers of a government, each with their own sphere of influence
McCulloch v Maryland: Supreme Court decision that establishing the supremacy of the national government over state governments
Reserved Powers: Powers of state government. Powers that are not given to the national government, but which are not denied to the states
Supremacy Clause: Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and treaties the superlative law of the land when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits
Unitary Government: A form of government in which one centralized body is the sole governingaplo unit

AP Government -Federalist Papers-

2008-02-21T19:32:00.000-08:00

1. What is essential to the "preservation of liberty?" How should this "be so constituted?"
"separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government" So each department should have a will of its own. Members of each should should have as little to do with agencies of others.

2. Analyze the following: "A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions."
The government needs to depend on the the people, but as the Articles taught there are steps that need to be taken by the central government to still protect the people and the itself.

3. In a republican government, which branch is the strongest? Identify three ways of "remedying this inconveniency."
The legislative government is the most powerful in a republican government. Three ways of fixing this is to divide the legislative into three branches, keep them little connected, and guard against encroachment

4. List two ways in which the federal system of the U.S. "places that sytem in a very interesting point of view," i.e., protects against tyranny:
The first is the double security coming from the the divided power of the people.
The second is protecting people from oppression from a ruler and from each other

5. What does Madison mean when he says, "The great security against a gradual concentration of several powers in the same department consists in giving to those who administer each department, the necessary constitutional means, and personal motives, to resist encroachments of the others"?
Departments are given the power to resist against other departments to keep themselves from being overwhelmed and controlled by other departments

Art History - Chap 17 - Images

2008-02-18T20:05:00.000-08:00

17-1 The Battle of San Romano
-Paolo Uccello, 1430's. Tempera on wood panel, 6' x 10'7"
-It has a more realistic way of creating space and linear perspective that makes things look as if they go into the distance.
-The Medici family commissioned the painting from Paolo Uccello (Paul of the Birds) because the Florentine general was a good friend of the family.
-The peasants in the background ignore the chaos and continue their work
-The orange trees seen in full bloom are not native to this area but the painter added them because it was the symbol for the Medici family the orange balls are known as the medicinal appla or mala medica.

17-2 Giotto di Bondone
-Frescoes, scrovegni (arena) Chapel, Padua, 1305-1306. View towards the east wall.
-The artist created massive three dimensional figures that showed emotion and movement
-The figures were in shallow defined spaces, and in natural light

-Shows biblical events, in registers
-The altar shows the story of Mary and Joseph in the rectangular panels.
-The paintings show typology, where old testament events foreshadow new testament events

17-11 Merode Alterpeice (Triptych of the Annunciation)
-Robert Campin, c. 1425-28. Oil on wood panel.
-Flemish
-Hidden symbols in the scenes are lilies in the majolica, glazed earthenware, pitcher on the table symbolize Mary's virginity.
-White towel and hanging water pot in the niche symbolize Mary's purity and as a vessel for the incarnation of God
-The symbols in scene were known by the people of that time but not so clear today
-There are several interpretations of the middle scene; the angel has just informed Mary that she will have Jesus and she is accepting it, the moment before the Annunciation.

17-12 The Annunciation
-Jan van Eyck, c. 1434-36. Oil on canvas, transferred from wood panel, painted surface.
-Flemish
-It was placed in a richly appointed church not in Mary's house
-Gabriel is depicted young and richly robed and very colorful wings
-The figures gesture to the dove flying down will Mary finds out that she will have Jesus Christ
-There are golden letters coming out of their lips
-Dove symbolizes the Holy Spirit, the lilies symbolize Mary and the zodiac show the traditional date, March 25.
-The windows in the background represent the trinity

17-13 Man in a Red Turban
-Jan van Eyck, 1433. Oil on wood panel
-Thought to be Jan's self-portrait
-The face resembles that of the painter to every fine detail, the stubble and the poorly lite studio

17-14 Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini (?) and His Wife, Giovanna Cenami
-Jan van Eyck, 1434. Oil on wood panel
-The artist signed the piece on the back wall by the mirror "Jan van Eyck was here
-An interpretation is that it was a wedding or betrothal
-the piece has combined the secular and religious
-surrounding the couple are symbols of wealth piety and married life
-The mirror may represent God's all-seeing eye, the dog may represent fidelity

17-15 Deposition
-Rogier van der Weyden, from an altarpiece commissioned by the Crossbowmen's Guild, Louvian, Brabant, Belgium
-The background has been gilded and makes the figure seen like they were pressing forward.
-The curved form of the Jesus is echoed by the form of the fainted Mary, it is meant to express the pain of the virgin to the viewer.
-It shows humanism in its concern for the individual expressions, all the characters react in a unique way

17-16 Last Judgment Altarpiece
-Rogier van der Weyden, after1443. Oil on wood panel. Made for a hospital in Breaune
-polyptych a multiple-panel work
-in the central panel Micheal is weighing souls on a rainbow above Christ under his order. Onthe ends of the rainbows are the Virgin and John the Baptist and six apostles on either side
-The clouds represents the heavenly realm

17-17 Portrait of a Lady
-Rogier van der Weyden, c.1460. Oil and tempera on wood panel
-transforms an ordinary young lady into a beauty
-long almond shaped eyes, regular features, smooth translucent skin, typical characteristics of Rogiers painting
-half-length pose with a high waistline and clasped hands (the artists used these characteristics for the Virgin and child
-pious and humble while wealthy proper and modest, shows the middle class patrons of art

17-18 Saint Eloy (Eligius) in His Shop
-Petrus Christus,01449. Oil on oak panel
-Eloy was a 7th century ecclesiastic, goldsmith and mintmaster for the French court. He helped rescue Christian captives with his wealth. He became the patron saint of metalworkers
-behind them figures is a crystal reliquary with a gold dome and a ruby and amethyst reliquary
-The two figure behind Saint Eloy is a young aristocratic couple, the man has on a badge that shows that he is a member of the royal court. the Lady is wearing the headdress that was worn by the ladies of the queen of France

17-49 Gates of Paradise (East Doors), Baptistry of San Giovanni, Florence
-Lorenze Ghilberti, 1425-52. Gilt bronze, height 15'
-shows ten Old Testament scenes in the door panels, the creation to the reign of Solomon
-the bust portrait appears in lower right corner of Jacob and Esau

17-76 Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Francis, John the Baptist, Job, Dominic, Sebastian, and Louis of Toulouse
-Giovanni Bellini, from the Church if San Giobbe, Venice, c. 1478. Oil on wood panel
-Sacra conversazione, is what this type of composition is called with the saints, angels, and the painting's donor
-shows a perspective view up into a vaulted apse
-uses a low vanishing point
-Saint Sebastian has arrows in his body
-The figure are in a Classical architectural interior

AP Government –Chap 2- Notes (1/2)

2008-02-18T13:58:00.001-08:00

The Constitution:

The Origins of the Constitution
- 1776: Declaration of Independence passed in Philadelphia supporting an armed revolution against the British
- Attempting to overthrow the government is a serious act and considered treason punishable by death
- Road to Revolution:
  - Life was not bad for most people in America at the time by current standards
  - White colonists were "freer, more equal, more prosperous, and less burdened . . ."
  - Britain generally confined themselves to only government America's foreign policy and trade
  - After the French and Indian War Britain put up taxes to pay for the costs
  - They also began tightening enforcement on its trade regulations which were design to benefit the mother country rather than the colonies
    - Colonists outraged, they protested, boycotted, and went through with the Boston Tea Party
      - Britain reacted through a naval blockade
      - Colonists formed the First Continental Congress in 1774
- Declaring Independence:
  - May and June 1776 the Congress began debating resolutions
  - Richard Henry Lee moved that "these United States are and of right ought to be free and independent states"
    - June 7: Committee of Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Sherman, and Livingston formed to draft the Declaration of Independence
    - July 2: Lee's motion approved
    - July 4: Jefferson's Dec. of Independence adopted
  - Can be read as a political tact and a philosophical treatise
  - Politically:
    - Justified and announced a revolution
    - Listed the ways the king had abused them
    - Colonists need foreign support of countries such as France to take on the British
- The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas:
  - Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, Morris, and Hamilton were all learned men familiar with the works of English philosophers
    - John Locke influenced the Dec.
      - He built his philosophy on the belief of natural rights
      - Said that the laws of nature govern people
      - Believed government should be built on the consent of the governed (people must agree on who their rulers will be)
      - Should also be a limited government (clear restrictions on what rulers can do)
      - The sole purpose of government was to protect the natural rights
      - Supported two limits:
        Governments must provide standing laws so the people know in advance whether their acts will acceptable
        Supreme power cannot take from any man any part of property with his consent
      - Said people have right to rebel against their government that no longer has their consent
        People should no revolt until injustice become deeply felt
- Jefferson's Handiwork: The American Creed
  - Said that since the government had failed to secure the rights of the people the people had the right to create their own government
  - People should have primacy over the government and should rule rather than be ruled
- Winning Independence:
  - 1775: British had 8,500 men stationed in the colonies and 30,000 mercenaries
    - Initially the colonies only had 5,00 uniformed men
  - 1783: Won independence
- The "Conservative" Revolution:
  - Did not completely alter the colonists way of life
  - Primary goal was to restore rights
The Government that Failed: 1776-87
- 1776: Articles of Confederation drawn
- The Articles of Confederation:
  - Government dominated by the states
  - National legislature with one house
    - States could send 2-7 delegates, but only had one vote
  - No president, no national court
  - 1781: Finally put into effect after ML ratified them
  - Congress had few powers and little money
    - Had to get permission from states to tax
    - Sold western land
    - Disbanded the army
    - Did not have power to regulate commerce
- Changes in the States:
  - States adopted bills of rights to protect freedoms, abolished religious requirements for hold office, and liberalized requirements for voting
  - Farmers and craft workers became a decisive majority with the voting restrictions gone
  - Structure of government in the states become more responsive to the people
- Economic Turmoil:
  - Postwar depression left farmers in debt and threatened with foreclosures
  - Printed worthless money to get the farmers out of debt
- Shay's Rebellion:
  - Policies favoring the debtors over the creditors did not please the economic elite
  - 1786: Band of farmers rebelled when they lost their land
    - Led by Daniel Shay
    - Series of attacks on courthouses
    - Congress nor state was able to get an army to stop the attacks
- Aborted Annapolis Meeting:
  - 1786: Handful of leaders met in Md. to discuss Article problems and suggest solutions
    - Only five states were represented
    - Decided that a larger meeting was necessary
Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention
- Reps from 12 states attended (RI did not send a delegate)
- They were ordered to meet to only revise the Articles
- Reps did not pay attention to this order because to revise the Articles they needed unanimous consent, which they knew to impossible
- Instead they began writing the US Constitution
- Gentlemen in Philadelphia:
  - The men in attendance were mainly men of wealth
  - Coastal residents rather than residents of the western frontiers
  - Most from urban America
- Philosophy in Action:
  - Debates ranged from high principles on big issues to self-interest on the small ones
  - First two weeks devoted to general debates about the nature of republican government
  - Though all had different ideas on government they all shared one common ground:
    - Human nature: Delegates held a cynical view of human nature; they thought they were self-interested
      - Government should play a role in containing the natural self-interest of people
    - Causes of political conflict: The distribution of wealth is the greatest cause
      - Factions are caused by these conflicts
      - If unchecked the factions might tyrannize each other
      - Majority would seize the government to reduce the wealth, the minority would seize the government for its own gains
    - Objects of government: The preservation of individual rights to acquire and hold wealth
    - Nature of government: Power should set against power so that no one faction would overwhelm the others
      - Limited government would have to contain checks on its own power
      - Separation of power would be needed
The Agenda in Philadelphia
- The Equality Issues:
  - Equality and Representation of the States:
    - How would the new Congress be constituted?
      - New Jersey Plan: Paterson; called for equal representation
      - Virginia Plan: Randolph; representation based on population
      - Connecticut Compromise: Sherman and Johnson; two houses of congress, one with equal rep. the other based on pop.
        Actually gives more power to smaller states
  - Slavery:
    - Congress could limit future importations, but did not forbid slavery
    - Said the escapees had to be returned to owners
    - 3/5ths Compromise
  - Political Equality:
    - Some suggested universal manhood suffrage, others wanted property ownership to be a requirement
    - Decided that if one was qualified for state voting the could vote in national elections
- Economic Issues:
  - Delegates disagreed on whether the economy was in shambles
  - Federalists stressed the economies weaknesses
  - Writers of the constitution addressed the following:
    - States had erected tariffs against products from other states
    - Paper money was worthless in some states, but many state governments forced it on creditors
    - Congress was having trouble raising money because the economy was in a recession
  - All believed a strong national government was needed to bring economic stability to the union of states
  - Delegates made sure the Constitution clearly laid out the economic powers of Congress
    - Was to be chief policymakers
    - Could obtain revenue through taxes and borrowing
    - Congress could punish counterfeiters and pirates
    - Ability to regulate interstate and foreign trade
- I

AP Government –Chap 2- Module 3-

2008-02-18T13:57:00.001-08:00

Constitutional Principles

Presented brief document shown to the public:
- Outlined a framework and procedures of the proposed government
- Set limits on how much power that government would have
Principles:
- Popular sovereignty: Ensures all power belongs to the people
- Limited government: Gov can only do what the people give it the authority to do
- Separation of power: Three parts: legislative branch, executive branch, and judicial branch
- Check and balances: Gives three branches power to restrain the other, preventing any one from gaining absolute power
- Judicial review: Courts have the power to declare an action unconstitutional, making it illegal
- Federalism: Divides power between the national government and state or regional government
  - Wanted to prevent central government from getting complete control
Structure of the Constitution:
Writers made sure the document would lead to a more perfect union
- Original structure:
  - Preamble: Mission statement for new nation, outlining the broad purposes the Constitution was designed to address
  - Article one: Establishes the rules and requirements for the legislative branch
    - House of Reps will be reelected every four years and calls for the number of delegates per state to be based on the population
    - Member of the senate must be elected every 6 years, two reps per state
    - Defines power of congress
      - Tax, borrow, coin money, regulate commerce, grant patents and copyrights, establish a military, and declare war
    - Elastic clause: Gives Congress the implied powers to do that which is necessary and proper for carrying out its duties
    - Government is prohibited from denying citizens a writ of habeas corpus
    - Prevents gov. from issuing bills of attainder
    - Prevents gov. from establishing 'ex post facto laws'
  - Article 2:
    - Rules for executive branch
    - President and vice president are to be elected every four years
    - Pres. Serves as Commander-in-Chief of the military and the nations chief diplomat
    - Power to appoint federal judges, grant reprieves and pardons, and make treaties
    - Civil officers may be removed from office by impeachment
  - Acticle 3:
    - Creates supreme court
    - Allows all federal judges to serve for life
    - Guarantees a person accused of a federal crime the right to jury trial
  - Article 4:
    - Outlines the relationship between the states
    - Requires each state to give full faith and credit to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of other states
    - Gives full privileges and immunities to the citizens of each state
    - Rules for creating new states
  - Article 5:
    - How amendment are made
    - 2/3rds vote required
    - Amended 27 times
  - Article 6:
    - Outlines transfer of debt to new gov.
    - Supremacy clause
  - Article 7:
    - Ratifying constitution: needed 9 out of 13 states
Need to Know Terms:
Bill of Attainder: Bill passed by a legislature imposing a penalty on an individual or group, holding them responsible for a crime without trial
Elastic Clause: Clause that authorizes Congress to pass laws to carry out the enumerated powers
Electoral College: A unique American institution, created by the Constitution, providing for the selection of the president by electors from each state. Although the Electoral College vote usually reflects a popular majority, the winner-take-all rule gives power to big states.
Enumerated Powers: Powers of the federal government that are given directly in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8 and include the power to coin money, declare war, and impose taxes.
Ex Post Facto Laws: Laws that make actions criminal after they have occurred. Prohibited by Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution.
Federalism: A way of organizing a nation so that two or more governments share power over the same constituents. Sovereignty is shared between the governments.
Fell Faith and Credit Clause: A clause in Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states.
Judicial Review: The power of the Supreme Court to determine whether acts of Congress--and by implication, the executive branch--are in accord with the U.S. Constitution. Judicial review is a basic principle of the Constitutional system and was established by Chief Justice John Marshall in the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803.
Supremacy Clause: Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and treaties the superlative law of the land when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.
Writ of Habeas Corpus: A court order that prevents arbitrary imprisonment by requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.

AP Government -Chap 2 Module 2-

2008-02-18T00:57:00.001-08:00

Articles of Confederation

Idea of organizing a unified government was not a new idea
- Proposed during French and Indian war
Ben Franklin proposed Albany plan of Union:
- Annual congress of delegates for all 13 colonies
  - Organize military
  - Regulate trade
  - Collect taxes
- Had support of people at meeting, but no colony ratified it and Britain would not endorse it
- Laid ground for future America
During revolutionary war a unified government was established
Articles of Confederation:
- Adopted in 1777
- Enacted in 1781
- Established a league of friendship for security and defense
- Limited power to government
- Each state held power and freedom
- Colonies had a national identity
- Allowed passage of Northwest Ordinance of 1787
  - New state creation
  - Outlawed slavery in territory
  - Set aside land for education
  - Encouraged development of land
- National gov. with no real power was ineffective
- Unable to regulate commerce, economic rivalry between states occurred while the government could do nothing
- Led to territorial conflicts and civil unrest
- Armed uprising: Shay's Rebellion
  - Led to debt relief being approved
  - This and other rebellions led to showing the weakness of the Articles
The State of Constitutions:
Colonies drafted their own state constitutions
- Combined Britain's legal respect for status, fairness, and due process with American inclusions such as individualism
- Checks and balances in legislative government; division of power
  - Executive veto, judicial review, and legislative confirmation of appointments
- Civil liberties protected
- Legal voting requirements, lower requirements for political offices
- Women excluded in the constitutions, slaves were not human beings
- Farmers would appeal to state legislatures for relief from debt
  - Series of funding denials followed=Caused frustrations
    - Shay's Rebellion
- Continental congress could not help, they did not have power over states
  - Congress was busy with debts from the Revolution
  - Depression in colonies were making things worse
  - France and Spain restricted trade and closed ports to American trade
The U.S. Constitution
1786 :
- Depression
- Convention in Maryland arranged in hopes of finding a solution
  - Only 5 states sent delegates
  - Actions put off until all states were represented
- May:
  - Philadelphia convention
    - 12 delegates; RI did not show up
    - Began writing a new doc
    - All goals were different
      - Discussions were unfocused
      - Talked about sovereignty, land protection, right protection
    - Agreed on the dangers of factions and parties and the need to control them
    - Found common ground on several issues:
      - State of human nature
      - Causes of political conflict
      - Objects of government
      - Nature of a republican government
    - Legislative Rep.
      - Two Proposals:
        New Jersey Plan:
        Equal representation regardless of population
        Virginia Plan:
        Representation based on population
      - Sherman and Johnson proposed The Great Compromise
        Would have a…
        Senate: two members from each state
        House of Reps.: Based on population
    - Slavery:
      - Those who wanted to abolish it met great conflict with Southern reps.
      - Decided congress could limit future importation
      - South wanted slaves to be counted for reps.
        North replied that if they were being represented then they should be counted for taxation
        Met with the 3-5ths Compromise: 3 of 5 slaves counted
    - Stronger executive braches with national court system
    - Agreed to allow:
      - Regulation of nations commerce and economy
      - Power to levy taxes
      - Pay debts
      - Borrow money
      - Create money and regulate its value
      - Regulate domestic and international commerce
      - Establish bankruptcy laws
TERMS TO KNOW:
Albany Plan of Union: Proposal by Ben Franklin that called for an annual congress of delegates with the authority to organize military forces, regulate trade, and collect taxes. Not ratified.
Articles of Confederation: Adopted in 1777 and enacted in 1781, the Articles of Confederation created a model for what later became the United States Government by instituting a government with a unicameral legislature and leaving most authority with the state legislatures.
Check and Balances: An important part of the Madisonian model designed to limit government's power by requiring that power be balanced among the different governmental institutions. These institutions continually restrict or check one another's activities, reflecting Madison's goal of setting power against power.
Connecticut Compromise: The compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention that established two houses of Congress: the House of Representatives, in which representation is based on a state's share of the U.S. population, and the Senate, in which each state has two representatives. Also known as the "Great Compromise."
Factions: Interest groups that develop from the unequal distribution of property or wealth. Today's parties or interest groups are what James Madison had in mind when he warned in Federalist Paper No. 10 of the instability in government caused by factions.
Jew Jersey Plan: Proposed at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, the New Jersey Plan called for equal representation of each state in Congress, regardless of the state's population.
Northwest Ordinance: Officially titled ''An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States North-West of the River Ohio,'' the Northwest Ordinance was passed on July 13, 1787. It encouraged development of the area that eventually became the states of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and it established a method for new state creation, outlawed slavery in the territory, and set aside land for education.
Philadelphia Convention: In May of 1787, delegates representing 12 of the 13 states attended a convention in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. However, the delegates chose to write a new document, which became the United States Constitution.
Shay's Rebellion: A series of attacks on courthouses by a small group of farmers led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays to block farm foreclosure proceedings.
3-5ths Compromise: Compromise between the Northern and Southern states at the Constitutional Convention stipulating that 3 of every 5 slaves would be counted for purposes of representation and taxation.
Virginia Plan: Proposed at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, the Virginia Plan called for representation of each state in Congress in proportion to that state's share of the U.S. population.